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Altered White Matter and Sensory Response to Bodily Sensation in Female-to-Male Transgender Individuals

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Abstract

While most people take identification with their body for granted, conditions such as phantom limb pain, alien hand syndrome, and xenomelia suggest that the feeling of bodily congruence is constructed and susceptible to alteration. Individuals with xenomelia typically experience one of their limbs as over-present and aversive, leading to a desire to amputate the limb. Similarly, many transgender individuals describe their untreated sexed body parts as incongruent and aversive, and many experience phantom body parts of the sex they identify with (Ramachandran, 2008). This experience may relate to differences in brain representation of the sexed body part, as suggested in xenomelia (McGeoch et al., 2011). We utilized magnetoencephalography imaging to record brain activity during somatosensory stimulation of the breast—a body part that feels incongruent to most presurgical female-to-male (FtM)-identified transgender individuals—and the hand, a body part that feels congruent. We measured the sensory evoked response in right hemisphere somatosensory and body-related brain areas and found significantly reduced activation in the supramarginal gyrus and secondary somatosensory cortex, but increased activation at the temporal pole for chest sensation in the FtM group (N = 8) relative to non-transgender females (N = 8). In addition, we found increased white matter coherence in the supramarginal gyrus and temporal pole and decreased white matter diffusivity in the anterior insula and temporal pole in the FtM group. These findings suggest that dysphoria related to gender-incongruent body parts in FtM individuals may be tied to differences in neural representation of the body and altered white matter connectivity.

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Notes

  1. Gender dysphoria is diagnosed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association 2013) on the basis of an individual’s dysphoria about the discrepancy between the gender they identify with versus the gender assigned to them at birth. This dysphoria is sometimes treated through hormones and surgery to align the body’s appearance with the individual’s gender identity.

  2. It is unlikely that transgender individuals willfully construct these representations. While some phantom sexed body parts are welcome, others can conflict with gender identity, as seen in the case of a recurrent, unwanted phantom penile erection after sex reassignment surgery removing the penis (Namba et al., 2008). Indeed, phantom limbs in amputees are often characterized by severe and chronic pain and thus unlikely to be willfully constructed.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Mingxiong Huang, Dr. Roland Lee, and Dr. Tao Song for support in collecting the MEG data and Dr. Eric Halgren and Burke Rosen for assistance in processing the MEG data. We thank Zack Taich, Dave Deriso, and Radhika Gosavi for assistance in carrying out the study and Rachel Case for assistance in preparing the figures. This work was supported by the University of California, San Diego, through an Academic Senate Award (2011) and through general support of several of the authors while the study was conducted. This work was also supported by research funds from Herb Lurie. Finally, the first author thanks NCCIH for support during the preparation of the manuscript. The views presented in this paper are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect views of the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

    Laura K. Case, David Brang, Rosalynn Landazuri, Pavitra Viswanathan & Vilayanur S. Ramachandran

  2. Pain and Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    Laura K. Case

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    David Brang

  4. Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

    Laura K. Case, David Brang, Rosalynn Landazuri, Pavitra Viswanathan & Vilayanur S. Ramachandran

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Case, L.K., Brang, D., Landazuri, R. et al. Altered White Matter and Sensory Response to Bodily Sensation in Female-to-Male Transgender Individuals. Arch Sex Behav 46, 1223–1237 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0850-z

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