Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Analysis of the airborne fungal spores present in the atmosphere of Salamanca (MW Spain): a preliminary survey

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Aerobiologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, we expose a preliminary study of the airborne fungal spore content in the atmosphere of Salamanca City including a fungal spore calendar. Sampling was carried out between February 2014 and February 2016, and along these 2 years of monitoring Cladosporium was the most abundant type followed by Aspergillus/Penicillium, both present from January to December. The peaks of diversity and abundance were established in two well-defined seasons focused on autumn (especially basidiomycota) and late spring. Others, like Cladosporium and Alternaria, called the dry spore types, had their maximum during summer. According to the intradiurnal pattern, the results were very similar for the spore types, except for Agaricus, Coprinus and Periconia that showed a nocturnal release pattern. The meteorological factors that had a clearly influence on the spore distribution were temperature, in the case of the dry spore types, and relative humidity in the case of wet air spores like Agaricus and Coprinus both basidiomycetes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abu Dieyeh, M. H., Barham, R., Abu Elteen, K., Al Rashidi, R., & Shaheen, I. (2010). Seasonal variation of fungal spore populations in the atmosphere of Zarqa area, Jordan. Aerobiologia, 26, 263–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, K. F. (1964). Year to year variation in the fungus spore content of the atmosphere. Acta Allergologica, 19, 11–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adhikari, A., Reponen, T., Grinshpun, S. A., Martuzevicius, D., & LeMasters, G. (2006). Correlation of ambient inhalable bioaerosols with particulate matter and ozone: A two-year study. Environmental Pollution, 140, 16–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aira, M. J., La-Serna, I., & Dopazo, A. (2003). Identification of fungal spores in the atmosphere of Santiago de Compostela (NW Spain) in the winter period. Polen, 12, 65–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aira, M. J., Rodríguez Rajo, F. J., Fernández González, M., Seijo, C., Elvira Rendueles, B., Abreu, I., et al. (2013). Spatial and temporal distribution of Alternaria spores in the Iberian Peninsula atmosphere, and meteorological relationships: 1993–2009. International Journal of Biometeorology, 57, 265–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aira, M. J., Rodríguez Rajo, F. J., Fernández González, M., Seijo, C., Elvira Rendueles, B., Gutiérrez Bustillo, M., et al. (2012). Cladosporium airborne spore incidence in the environmental quality of the Iberian Peninsula. Grana, 51, 293–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almaguer, M., Aira, M. J., Rodríguez Rajo, F. J., Fernández González, M., & Rojas Flores, T. I. (2015). Thirty-four identifiable airborne fungal spores in Havana, Cuba. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2, 215–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almaguer Chávez, M., Aira, M. J., Tojas, T. I., Fernández González, M., & Rodríguez Rajo, F. J. (2018). New findings of airborne fungal spores in the atmosphere of Havana, Cuba, using aerobiological non-viable methodology. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 25, 349–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almaguer, M., Rojas Flores, T. I., Rodríguez Rajo, F. J., & Aira, M. J. (2014). Airborne basidiospores of Coprinus and Ganoderma in a Caribbean region. Aerobiologia, 30, 197–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida, E., Caeiro, E., Todo Bom, A., Ferro, R., Dionisio, A., Duarte, A., et al. (2018). The influence of meteorological parameters on Alternaria and Cladosporium fungal spore concentrations in Beja (Southern Portugal): Preliminary results. Aerobiologia, 34, 219–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardei, F., Bouziane, H., Trigo, M. M., Ajouray, N., El Haskouri, F., & Kadiri, M. (2017). Atmospheric concentrations and intradiurnal pattern of Alternaria and Cladosporium conidia in Tétouan (NW of Morocco). Aerobiologia, 33, 221–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bednarz, A., & Pawłowska, S. (2016). A fungal spore calendar for the atmosphere of Szczecin, Poland. Acta Agrobotanica, 69, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, R. K., & Portnoy, J. M. (2001). The role and abatement of fungal allergens in allergic diseases. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 107, 430–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capel Molina, J. (2000). El clima de la Península Ibérica. Ed. Ariel geográfica.

  • Chen, B., Chao, H. J., Wu, C., Kim, H., Honda, Y., & Guo, Y. L. (2014). High ambient Cladosporium spores were associated with reduced lung function in schoolchildren in a longitudinally study. Science of the Total Environment, 481, 370–376.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corden, J. M., Millington, W. M., & Mullins, J. (2003). Long-term trends and regional variation in the aeroallergen Alternaria in Cardiff and Derby UK- are differences in climate and cereal production having an effect? Aerobiologia, 19, 191–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damialis, A., & Gioulekas, D. (2006). Airborne allergenic fungal spores and meteorological factors in Greece: Forecasting possibilities. Grana, 45, 122–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damialis, A., Kaimakamis, E., Konoglou, M., Akritidis, I., Traidl Hoffmann, C., & Gioulekas, D. (2017). Estimating the abundance of airborne pollen and fungal spores at variable elevations using an aircraft: How high can they fly? Scientific Reports, 7, 44535.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, S., & Gupta Bhattacharya, S. (2008). Enumerating outdoor aeromycota in suburban west Bengal, India, with reference to respiratory allergy and meteorological factors. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 15, 105–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Díez Herrero, A., Sabariego Ruiz, S., Gutiérrez Bustillo, M., & Cervigón Morales, P. (2006). Study of airborne fungal spores in Madrid, Spain. Aerobiologia, 22, 135–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domínguez Santana, M. D., & La Serna, I. (1998). Variación anual y diaria del contenido en esporas de Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium y Stemphylium en la atmósfera de La Laguna (Tenerife: Islas Canarias). Acta Botanica Macaronesica, 23, 105–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Haskouri, F., Bouziane, H., Trigo, M. M., Kadiri, M., & Kazzaz, M. (2016). Airborne ascospores in Tétouan (NW Morocco) and meteorological parameters. Aerobiologia, 32, 669–681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erkara, I. P., Asan, A., Yilmaz, V., Pehlivan, S., & Okten, S. S. (2008). Airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium species and relationship with meteorological conditions in Eskisehir City, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 144, 31–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández, D., Valencia, R. M., Molnár, T., Vega, A., & Sagüés, E. (1998). Daily and seasonal variations of Alternaria and Cladosporium airborne spores in León (North-West, Spain). Aerobiologia, 14, 215–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frenguelli, G. (1998). The contribution of aerobiology to agriculture. Aerobiologia, 14, 95–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galán, C., Ariatti, A., Bonini, M., Clot, B., Crouzy, B., Dahl, A., et al. (2017). Recommended terminology for aerobiological studies. Aerobiologia, 33, 293–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galán, C., Cariñanos, P., Alcázar, P., & Domínguez, E. (2007). Spanish aerobiology network (REA: Management and quality manual. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba 2007. http://www.uco.es/rea/infor_rea/manual_eng.pdf.

  • Galán, C., Smith, M., Thibaudon, M., Frenguelli, G., Oteros, J., Gehrig, R., et al. (2014). Pollen monitoring: Minimum requirements and reproducibility of analysis. Aerobiologia, 30, 385–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galán, C., Tormo, R., Cuevas, J., Infante, F., & Domínguez, E. (1991). Theoretical daily variations patterns of airborne pollen in south-west of Spain. Grana, 30, 201–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant Smith, E. (2000). Sampling and identifying allergenic pollens and molds. San Antonio, TX: Blewstone Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grinn Gofroń, A. (2011). Airborne Aspergillus and Penicillium in the atmosphere of Szczecin (Poland) (2004-2009). Aerobiologia, 27, 67–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinn Gofroń, A., & Bosiacka, B. (2015). Effects of meteorological factor on the composition of selected fungal spores in the air. Aerobiologia, 31, 63–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinn Gofroń, A., Bosiacka, B., Bednarz, A., & Wolski, T. (2018). A comparative study of hourly and daily relationships between selected meteorological parameters and airborne fungal spore composition. Aerobiologia, 34, 45–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinn Gofroń, A., Sadyś, M., Kaczmarek, J., Bednarz, A., Pawlowska, S., & Jedryczka, M. (2016a). Back-trajectory modelling and DNA-based species-specific detection methods allow tracking of fungal spore transport in air masses. Science of the Total Environment, 571, 658–669.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grinn Gofroń, A., Strzelczak, A., Stępalska, D., & Myszkowska, D. (2016b). A 10-year study of Alternaria and Cladosporium in two Polish cities (Szczecin and Cracow) and relationship with the meteorological parameters. Aerobiologia, 32, 83–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, D., Habib, J., Luxner, J., Galler, H., Zarfel, G., Schlacher, R., et al. (2014). Comparison background levels of culturable fungal spore concentrations in indoor and outdoor air in southeastern Austria. Atmospheric Environment, 98, 640–647.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasnain, S. M., Akhter, T., & Waqar, M. A. (2012). Airborne and allergenic fungal spores of the Karachi environment and their correlation with meteorological factors. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 14, 1006–1013.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasnain, S. M., Fatima, K., Al Frayh, A., & Al Sedairy, S. T. (2005). Prevalence of airborne basidiospores in three coastal cities of Saudi Arabia. Aerobiologia, 21, 139–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinzerling, L. M., Burbach, G. J., Edenharter, G., Bachert, C., Bindslev Jensen, C., Bonini, S., et al. (2009). GA2LEN skin test study I: GA2LEN harmonization of skin prick testing: novel sensitization patterns for inhalant allergens in Europe. Allergy, 64, 1498–1506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández Trejo, F., Muñoz Rodríguez, A., Tormo Molina, R., & Silva Palacios, I. (2012). Airborne ascospores in Mérida (SW Spain) and the effect of rain and other meteorological parameters on their concentration. Aerobiologia, 28, 13–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirst, J. M. (1952). An automatic volumetric spore trap. Annals of Applied Biology, 39, 257–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, H., Rao, C. Y., Hsu, H., Chiu, Y., Liu, C., & Chao, H. J. (2005). Characteristics and determinant of ambient fungal spores in Hualien, Taiwan. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 5839–5850.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y. J., Fitt, B. D. L., Jedryczka, M., Dakowska, S., West, J. S., Gladders, P., et al. (2005). Patterns of ascospore release in relation to phoma stem canker epidemiology in England (Leptosphaeria maculans) and Poland (Leptosphaeria biglobosa). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 111, 263–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ianovici, N. (2016). Atmospheric concentrations of selected allergenic fungal spores in relation to some meteorological factors, in Timişoara (Romania). Aerobiologia, 32, 139–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irga, P. J., & Torpy, F. R. (2016). A survey of the aeromycota of Sydney and its correspondence with environmental conditions: Grass as a component of urban forestry could be a major determinant. Aerobiologia, 32, 171–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jedryczka, M., Kaczmarek, J., Dawidziuk, A., & Brachaczek, A. (2008). System for forecasting disease epidemics—Aerobiological methods in Polish agriculture. Aspects of Applied Biology, 89, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaczmarek, J., Kedziora, A., Brachaczek, A., Latunde Dada, A. O., Dakowska, S., Karg, G., et al. (2016). Effect of climate change on sporulation of the teleomorphs of Leptosphaeria species causing stem canker of brassicas. Aerobiologia, 32, 39–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasprzyk, I., & Worek, M. (2006). Airborne fungal spores in urban and rural environments in Poland. Aerobiologia, 22, 169–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katotomichelakis, M., Nikolaidis, C., Makris, M., Proimos, E., Aggelides, X., Constantinidis, T. C., et al. (2016). Alternaria and Cladosporium calendar of western Thrace: Relationship with allergic rhinitis symptoms. Laryngoscope, 126, E51–E56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M., Perveen, A., & Qaiser, M. (2016). Seasonal and diurnal variation of atmospheric fungal spore concentrations in Hyderabad, Tandojam-Sindh and the effects of climatic conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 48, 1657–1663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levetin, E., & Horner, W. E. (2002). Fungal aerobiology: Exposure and measurements. Chemical Immunology, 81, 10–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Licorish, K., Novery, H. S., Kozak, P., Fairshter, R. D., & Wilson, A. F. (1985). Role of Alternaria and Penicillium spores in the pathogenesis of asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical. Immunology, 76, 819–825.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magyar, D., Barasits, T., Fischl, G., & Fernando, W. G. D. (2006). First report of the natural occurrence of the teleomorph of Leptosphaeria maculans on oilseed rape and airborne dispersal of ascospores in Hungary. Journal of Phytopathology, 154, 428–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magyar, D., Kállai, Z., Sipiezki, M., Dobolyi, C., Sebök, F., Beregszászi, T., et al. (2018). Survey of viable airborne fungi in wine cellars of Tokaj, Hungary. Aerobiologia, 34, 171–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallo, A. C., Nitiu, D. S., & Gardella Sambeth, M. C. (2011). Airborne fungal spore content in the atmosphere of the city of La Plata, Argentina. Aerobiologia, 27, 77–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez Bracero, M., Alcázar, P., Velasco Jiménez, M. J., & Galán, C. (2018). Fungal spores affecting vineyards in Montilla-Moriles southern Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 153, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maya Manzano, J. M., Muñoz Triviño, M., Fernández Rodríguez, S., Silva Palacios, I., Gonzálo Garijo, A., & Tormo Molina, R. (2016). Airborne Alternaria conidia in Mediterranean rural environments in SW of Iberian Peninsula and weather parameters that influence their seasonality in relation to climate change. Aerobiologia, 32, 95–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitakakis, T. Z., & Guest, D. I. (2001). A fungal spore calendar for the atmosphere of Melbourne, Australia, for the year 1993. Aerobiologia, 17, 171–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morales, J., González Minero, F. J., Carrasco, M., Ogalla, V. M., & Candau, P. (2006). Airborne basidiospores in the atmosphere of Seville (South Spain). Aerobiologia, 22, 127–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, S., & Persson, S. (1981). Tree pollen spectra in the Stockholm region (Sweden) 1973–1980. Grana, 20, 179–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, D. J., Sadyś, M., Skjøth, C. A., Healy, D. A., Kennedy, R., & Sodeau, J. R. (2014). Atmospheric concentrations of Alternaria, Cladosporium, Ganoderma and Didymella spores monitored in Cork (Ireland) and Worcester (England) during the summer of 2010. Aerobiologia, 30, 397–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Gorman, C. M., & Fuller, H. T. (2008). Prevalence of culturable airborne spores of selected allergenic and pathogenic fungi in outdoor air. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 4355–4368.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, H., Delgado, J. L., & Abreu, I. (2009a). The effects of meteorological factors on airborne fungal spore concentration in two areas differing in urbanisation level. International Journal of Biometeorology, 53, 61–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, H., Delgado, J. L., & Abreu, I. (2009b). Seasonal and intradiurnal variation of allergenic fungal spores in urban and rural areas of the North of Portugal. Aerobiologia, 25, 85–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez Gorjón, S., Rodríguez de la Cruz, D., González Suarez, R., & Sánchez, J. (2003). Variación anual de esporas en la atmósfera de Salamanca durante los años 1995 y 2000. Polen, 13, 289–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyrri, I., & Kapsanaki Gotsi, E. (2007). A comparative study on the airborne fungi in Athens, Greece, by viable and non-viable samplings methods. Aerobiologia, 23, 3–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pyrri, I., & Kapsanaki Gotsi, E. (2015). Evaluation of the fungal aerosol in Athens, Greece, based on spore analysis. Aerobiologia, 31, 179–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pyrri, I., & Kapsanaki Gotsi, E. (2017). Functional relations of airborne fungi to meteorological and pollution factor in a Mediterranean urban environment. Fungal Ecology, 30, 48–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivas Martínez, S. (2007). Mapa de series, geoseries y geopermaseries de vegetación de España [Memoria del Mapa de Vegetación Potencial de España. Parte I]. Itinera Geobotánica, 17(1), 1–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez, D., Dávila, I., Sánchez, E., Barber, D., Lorente, F., & Sánchez, J. (2011). Relationship between airborne pollen counts and the results obtained using 2 diagnostic methods: Allergen-specific immunoglobulin E concentrations and skin prick tests. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 21, 222–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosas, I., Calderón, C., Ulloa, M., & Lacey, J. (1993). Abundance of Airborne Penicillium CFU in relation to urbanization in Mexico City. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 2648–2652.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabariego, S., Bouso, V., & Pérez Badia, R. (2012). Comparative study of airborne Alternaria conidia levels in two cities in Castilla–La Mancha (central Spain), and correlations with weather-related variables. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2, 227–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabariego, S., Díez, A., & Gutiérrez, M. (2007). Monitoring of airborne fungi in Madrid (Spain). Acta Botanica Croatica, 66, 117–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabariego, S., Guardia, C. D., & Alba, F. (2000). The effect of meteorological factor on the daily variation of airborne fungal spores in Granada (Southern Spain). International Journal of Biometeorology, 44, 1–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadyś, M. (2017). Effect of wind speed and direction on monthly fluctuations of Cladosporium conidia concentration in the air. Aerobiologia, 33, 445–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadyś, M., Adams Groom, B., Herbert, R. J., & Kennedy, R. (2016). Comparisons of fungal spore distributions using air sampling at Worcester, England (2006–2010). Aerobiologia, 32, 619–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadyś, M., Kaczmarek, J., Grinn Gofroń, A., Rodinkova, V., Prikhodko, A., Bilous, E., et al. (2018). Dew point temperature affects ascospore release of allergenic genus Leptosphaeria. International Journal of Biometeorology, 62, 979–990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sáenz, C., & Gutiérrez-Bustillo, M. (2003). Esporas atmosféricas en la Comunidad de Madrid. Documento Técnico de Salud Pública nº 83, Madrid.

  • Sánchez Reyes, E., Rodríguez de la Cruz, D., & Sánchez, J. (2007). Contenido atmosférico de esporas de Ganoderma P. Karst. en la atmosfera de Valladolid. Polen, 17, 39–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez Reyes, E., Rodríguez de la Cruz, D., & Sánchez, J. (2012). Influencia de la temperatura sobre las concentraciones de esporas de Periconia sl en Valladolid (2005-2007). Polen, 22, 9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez Reyes, E., Rodríguez de la Cruz, D., & Sánchez Sánchez, J. (2016). First fungal spore calendar of the middle-west of the Iberian Peninsula. Aerobiologia, 32, 529–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez Reyes, E., Rodríguez de la Cruz, D., Sanchís Merino, M. E., & Sánchez, J. (2009a). First results of Platanus pollen airborne content in the middle-west of the Iberian Peninsula. Aerobiologia, 25, 209–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez Reyes, E., Rodríguez de la Cruz, D., Sanchís Merino, M. E., & Sánchez, J. (2009b). Meteorological and agricultural effects on airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium spores and clinical aspects in Valladolid (Spain). Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 16, 53–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sindt, C., Besancenot, J. P., & Thibaudon, M. (2016). Airborne Cladosporium fungal spores and climate change in France. Aerobiologia, 32, 53–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skjøth, C. A., Damialis, A., Belmonte, J., De Linares, C., Fernández Rodríguez, S., Grinn Gofroń, A., et al. (2016). Alternaria spores in the air across Europe: Abundance, seasonality and relationships with climate, meteorology and local environment. Aerobiologia, 32, 3–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, L., Câmara Camacho, I., Grinn Gofroń, A., & Camacho, R. (2016). Monitoring of anamorphic fungal spores in Madeira region (Portugal), 2003–2008. Aerobiologia, 32, 303–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spieksma, F. (1991). Regional European Pollen Calendars. In G. D’Amato, F. Th, M. Spieksma, & S. Bonini (Eds.), Allergenic pollen and pollinosis in Europe (pp. 49–65). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tham, R., Vicendese, D., Dharmage, S. C., Hindman, R. J., Newbigin, E., Lewis, E., et al. (2017). Associations between outdoor fungal spores and childhood and adolescent asthma hospitalizations. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunoly, 139, 1140–1147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vélez Pereira, A. M., De Linares, C., Delgado, R., & Belmonte, J. (2016). Temporal trends of the airborne fungal spores in Catalonia (NE Spain), 1995–2013. Aerobiologia, 32, 23–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hispano-Luso Agrarian Research Institute (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Villamayor Campus, Río Duero Street N°12, 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain

    Sergio Fuentes Antón, David Rodríguez de la Cruz, José Sánchez Sánchez & Estefanía Sánchez Reyes

  2. Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Avda Licenciado Mendez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain

    David Rodríguez de la Cruz & José Sánchez Sánchez

Authors
  1. Sergio Fuentes Antón
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David Rodríguez de la Cruz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. José Sánchez Sánchez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Estefanía Sánchez Reyes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sergio Fuentes Antón.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Antón, S.F., de la Cruz, D.R., Sánchez, J.S. et al. Analysis of the airborne fungal spores present in the atmosphere of Salamanca (MW Spain): a preliminary survey. Aerobiologia 35, 447–462 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-019-09569-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-019-09569-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation