Abstract
Monitoring of pesticide pollution in aquatic systems is a complex process and often constrained by high costs and methodical complexities associated with pesticide measurements in many regions of the world. A trait-based Species at Risk (SPEAR) biomonitoring approach has been conducted to test the responsiveness of the SPEAR_pesticides index to pesticide effects in two tropical river catchments in Sri Lanka. The effects of pesticide toxicity (TU(D.magna)), water quality parameters, channel quality (CQI), and landuse on SPEAR pesticides index and other biotic indices, i.e., family richness of macroinvertebrates (FR) and %EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) taxa in streams were tested using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis approaches. The analyses revealed that the SPEAR_pesticides index and FR respond favorably to the TU(D.magna) and CQI (p < 0.05). % EPT did not significantly respond to any of the measured instream variables. The catchment scale agricultural activities negatively affected the SPEAR_pesticides and FR, while riparian forest cover acted to improve both indices. The findings of the study suggest the possibility of using SPEAR_pesticides for pesticide impacts assessment in tropical regions.
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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article, and raw data are available upon request.
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The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by National Research Council (NRC) of Sri Lanka Grant No. 13-160 for carrying out this research.
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Appendix 1: The abundance of macroinvertebrate families in sampling locations.
Appendix 1: The abundance of macroinvertebrate families in sampling locations.
Macroinvertebrate family | Sampling sites | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U1 | U2 | U3 | U4 | U5 | U6 | U7 | U8 | U9 | U10 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | B8 | B9 | B10 | |
Leptophlebiidae | 32 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 47 | 19 | 13 | 34 | 35 | 12 | 19 | 7 | 20 | 42 | 8 | 24 | 4 | 139 |
Baetidae | 5 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 5 | 0 | 30 | 23 | 0 | 14 | 12 | 6 | 18 | 25 | 24 | 22 | 43 | 37 | 4 | 56 |
Caenidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 5 | 2 | 65 | 2 | 5 | 13 |
Notonemouridae | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Helicopsyche | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Hydroptilidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hydropsychidae | 0 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 158 | 0 | 33 | 2 | 27 | 51 | 66 | 3 | 92 | 14 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 7 |
Leptoceridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Philopotamidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
Calomoceridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Odontoeridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 13 |
Aeshinidae | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 7 |
Synthemistidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 6 |
Lestidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Diphlebiidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Psephenidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Elmidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 16 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 |
Gyrinidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
Chironomidae | 6 | 20 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Simuliidae | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 18 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 2 | 24 | 26 | 9 | 9 | 0 |
Psychodidae | 3 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Tipulidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 1 |
Culicidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Sciomyzidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lumbricidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Atyidae | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Paludomidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 38 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Thiarinae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Planorbidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Pilidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
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Jayawardana, J.M.C.K., Gunawardana, W.D.T.M., Udayakumara, E.P.N. et al. Biomonitoring of pesticides in agricultural river catchments: a case study from two river catchments in tropical Sri Lanka. Aquat Ecol 57, 337–352 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-023-10013-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-023-10013-1