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Stopover departure behavior and flight orientation of spring-migrant Yellow-rumped Warblers (Setophaga coronata) experimentally exposed to methylmercury

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Abstract

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that has wide-ranging impacts on the physiological systems of birds, but almost nothing is known about how this affects migration. We manipulated methylmercury (MeHg) burdens of 24 wild-caught Yellow-rumped Warblers (Setophaga coronata) before releasing them and tracking their spring migration with automated radiotelemetry to study the effect of MeHg on stopover departure behavior and flight orientation. Dosing half the birds for 14 days prior to release resulted in environmentally relevant mean blood total Hg (THg) concentrations of 6.61 (± 0.16) p.p.m., while a group of 12 controls had nearly undetectable blood THg. We observed starkly different departure behavior between groups, with dosed birds leaving the release site significantly sooner than controls. Among birds that were detected beyond the release site, seven (three dosed, four control) initially made a landscape-scale relocation before a longer-distance migratory flight, while two (controls) migrated directly from the release site. All flights were in the seasonally appropriate direction regardless of group. Rapid departures by dosed birds could have been the result of hyperactivity that can be induced by MeHg, or due to decreased social dominance that caused them to seek areas with less resource competition. We found no evidence that MeHg impaired orientation, although sample sizes were small and we had less ability to detect birds flying in “incorrect” than northward directions. The dramatic difference in departure decisions between groups indicates a potential effect of MeHg on the neurological and/or physiological mechanisms that control migratory behaviors of birds.

Zusammenfassung

Fortsetzung des Zuges und Orientierung nach Zwischenstopp beim Frühjahrszug von Kronenwaldsängern (Setophaga coronata), nachdem sie im Experiment Methylquecksilber ausgesetzt waren.

Quecksilber ist ein weltweit verbreitetes Umweltgift mit vielfältigen Auswirkungen auf die Physiologie von Vögeln, wobei jedoch fast nichts über eine mögliche Beeinflussung des Vogelzugs bekannt ist. Wir veränderten im Experiment die Methylquecksilber-Belastung (MeHg) von 24 Wildfängen des Kronenwaldsängers (Setophaga coronata) vor dem Wiederauflassen und verfolgten ihren Frühjahrszug mit automatischer Radio-Telemetrie, um die Effekte von MeHg auf die Wiederaufnahme des Zugs und auf die Orientierung zu untersuchen. Eine Hälfte der Vögel wurde 14 Tage vor Freilassung dem MeHg ausgesetzt, was in ihrem Blut zu einer umweltbiologisch relevanten mittleren Quecksilber-Konzentration (THg) von 6,61 (+/- 0,16) p.p.m. führte, wohingegen die 12 Tiere der Kontrollgruppe kein praktisch nachweisbares Quecksilber im Blut hatten. Das Abflugverhalten der beiden Gruppen war sehr unterschiedlich: die dem MeHg ausgesetzten Vögel verließen den Ort der Freilassung signifikant früher als die der Kontrollgruppe. Von den Vögeln, die in einiger Entfernung zum Ort der Freilassung wiedergefunden wurden, unternahmen sieben (drei mit MeHg, vier Kontrollvögel) zunächst Flüge in die Umgebung, bevor sie ihren Langstreckenzug wieder aufnahmen, während zwei der Kontrollvögel ihren Zug unmittelbar ab dem Freilassungsort fortsetzten. Unabhängig von der Gruppe zogen alle Vögel in die der Jahreszeit entsprechende, korrekte Richtung weiter. Die frühen Abflüge der Vögel mit MeHg könnten an einer von Quecksilber verursachten Hyperaktivität oder an einer verringerten sozialen Dominanz liegen, die sie dazu brachte, Gebiete mit geringerer Konkurrenz um vorhandene Ressourcen aufzusuchen. Wir fanden keinen Hinweis darauf, dass MeHg einen Einfluss auf die Orientierung hatte, wobei allerdings die Stichproben sehr klein und wir nicht in der Lage waren, Vögel, die in falsche Richtungen (also nicht nach Norden) zogen, nachzuweisen. Der dramatische Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen in der Entscheidung, den Zug wieder aufzunehmen, weist aber auf einen möglichen Einfluss von MeHg auf diejenigen neurologischen und/oder physiologischen Mechanismen hin, die die Zugbewegungen von Vögeln kontrollieren.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the staff and volunteers of the Long Point Bird Observatory for support and assistance. We also thank Stuart MacKenzie and other Bird Studies Canada staff for their advice and assistance with the Motus Wildlife Tracking System, Jessica Deakin for assistance with radio-tagging, Andrew Beauchamp for performing the molecular sexing analyses, Kevin Young for support with animal care, and Dan Cristol for thoughts on our results. Funding was provided to C. G. G. and Y. E. M. by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grants. All methods were compliant with Canadian law and conducted under appropriate government permits.

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Correspondence to Chad L. Seewagen.

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All procedures were approved under a University of Western Ontario animal use protocol (2010–216) and permits from the Canadian Wildlife Service (CA-0256, 10169BU).

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Communicated by N. Chernetsov.

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Seewagen, C.L., Ma, Y., Morbey, Y.E. et al. Stopover departure behavior and flight orientation of spring-migrant Yellow-rumped Warblers (Setophaga coronata) experimentally exposed to methylmercury. J Ornithol 160, 617–624 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01641-2

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