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Effects of smoking on the bone alkaline phosphatase in peri-implant crevicular fluid and implant stability quotient around implants before loading

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Abstract

We aimed to examine the implant stability quotient (ISQ), alveolar bone level measurements (ABL), and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) around implants in smokers and non-smokers before loading in 3 months. 44 dental implants were placed into smoker and non-smoker patients equally. ISQ was measured at baseline and 3 months after surgery. The levels of PICF BALP and alveolar bone were measured. ISQ values significantly increased in smokers and non-smokers in the 3rd month (p < 0.05). ABL measurements were lower at 3 months compared to baseline in both groups (p < 0.05). Although ISQ and ABL values were higher in non-smokers than smokers at 3 months, the difference between the groups did not show any statistical significance. The PICF BALP levels in the 3rd month changed in both groups. But, these differences were insignificant. Although some of the measurements presented differences between the groups during the assessment periods, they were not indicative of the hazardous effects of smoking on bone healing around implants after surgery till functional loading in 3 months. However, smoking is an important factor to be considered for osseo-integration outcomes. Further studies are needed to clarify the influence of smoking on osseo-integration.

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Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Professor Bulent Celik (Gazi University Faculty of Science Department of Statistic, Ankara) for his valuable statistical analysis of the data. The present study was financially supported by Gazi University Scientific Research Project Support (03/2012-18). The authors report no conflicts of interest related to this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Gazi University, Biskek Cad. 82. Sok. Emek, Ankara, Turkey

    Gulay Tuter

  2. Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

    Arzu Zeynep Yildirim & Ayse Nurcan Duman

  3. Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Private Practice in Ankara, Former Research Assistant at Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

    Behruz Aliyev & Elifcan Kivrak

  4. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

    Aysegul Atak-Yucel & Nihan Oruklu

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  1. Gulay Tuter
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Tuter, G., Yildirim, A.Z., Duman, A.N. et al. Effects of smoking on the bone alkaline phosphatase in peri-implant crevicular fluid and implant stability quotient around implants before loading. Odontology 110, 596–604 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-021-00685-2

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