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Simulation of the impact of managed aquifer recharge on the groundwater system in Hanoi, Vietnam

Simulation de l’impact de la recharge artificielle sur le système aquifère de Hanoï, Vietnam

Simulación del impacto de la recarga de acuíferos gestionados en el sistema de agua subterránea en Hanoi, Vietnam

越南河内地下水系统含水层管理补给影响模拟

Simulação do impacto da recarga artificial de aquíferos nos sistemas de águas subterrâneas em Hanói, no Vietnã

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Abstract

A transient numerical groundwater flow model using MODFLOW-NWT was set up and calibrated for Hanoi city, Vietnam, to understand the local groundwater flow system and to suggest solutions for sustainable water resource management. Urban development in Hanoi has caused a severe decline of groundwater levels. The present study evaluates the actual situation and investigates the suitability of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) to stop further depletion of groundwater resources. The results suggest that groundwater is being overexploited, as vast cones of depression exist in parts of the study area. Suitable locations to implement two MAR techniques—riverbank filtration and injection wells—were identified using multi-criteria decision analysis based on geographic information system (GIS). Three predictive scenarios were simulated. The relocation of pumping wells towards the Red River to induce riverbank filtration (first scenario) demonstrates that groundwater levels can be increased, especially in the depression cones. Groundwater levels can also be improved locally by the infiltration of surplus water into the upper aquifer (Holocene) via injection wells during the rainy season (second scenario), but this is not effective to raise the water table in the depression cones. Compared to the first scenario, the combination of riverbank filtration and injection wells (third scenario) shows a slightly raised overall water table. Groundwater flow modeling suggests that local overexploitation can be stopped by a smart relocation of wells from the main depression cones and the expansion of riverbank filtration. This could also avoid further land subsidence while the city’s water demand is met.

Résumé

Un modèle numérique d’écoulement souterrain transitoire à l’aide de MODFLOW-NWT a été élaboré et calibré pour la ville de Hanoï au Vietnam, pour comprendre le système d’écoulement local des eaux souterraines et pour suggérer des solutions pour la gestion durable des ressources en eau. Le développement urbain à Hanoï a entrainé une baisse importante;des niveaux d’eaux souterraines. La présente étude évalue la situation actuelle et étudie la convenance de la recharge raisonnée ou artificielle d’un aquifère (MAR) pour stopper l’épuisement des ressources en eaux souterraines. Les résultats suggèrent que les eaux souterraines sont surexploitées, car de vastes cônes de dépression existent dans certaines parties du secteur d’étude. Des endroits appropriés à la mise en place de deux méthodes de recharge artificielle—la filtration à travers les berges et les puits d’injection—ont été identifiées en utilisant une analyze de décision multi-critères basée sur un système d’information géographique (SIG). Trois scénarios prédictifs ont été simulés. La relocalisation des puits de pompage vers le Fleuve Rouge pour induire de la filtration à travers les berges (premier scénario) démontre que des niveaux d’eaux souterraines peuvent être relevés, particulièrement dans les cônes de dépression. Les niveaux d’eaux souterraines peuvent également être améliorés localement par l’infiltration de l’eau en surplus dans la couche aquifère supérieure (Holocène) par l’intermédiaire de puits d’injection pendant la saison des pluies (deuxième scénario), mais ce n’est. pas efficace pour rehausserle niveau de la nappe dans les cônes de dépression. Comparé au premier scénario, la combinaison de la filtration à travers les berges et des puits d’injection (troisième scénario) montre seulement un léger relèvement global de la nappe. La modélisation des écoulements souterrains suggère que la surexploitation locale pourrait être arrêtée par une relocalisation pertinente des puits situés dans les cônes de dépression principaux et par l’expansion de la technique de filtration à travers les berges. Ceci pourrait également éviter davantage d’affaissement de terrain tout en satisfaisant toujours la demande en eau de la ville.

Resumen

Se configuró y calibró un modelo de flujo subterráneo de agua subterránea con MODFLOW-NWT para la ciudad de Hanoi, Vietnam, para comprender el sistema local de flujo de aguas subterráneas y sugerir soluciones para la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos. El desarrollo urbano en Hanoi ha causado una disminución severa de los niveles de agua subterránea. El presente estudio evalúa la situación actual e investiga la idoneidad de la recarga de acuíferos gestionados (MAR) para detener el agotamiento de los recursos de agua subterránea. Los resultados sugieren que el agua subterránea se está sobreexplotando, ya que existen grandes conos de depresión en partes del área de estudio. Se identificaron ubicaciones adecuadas para implementar dos técnicas de MAR (pozos de filtración e inyección de ribera) utilizando un análisis de decisión multicriterio basado en el sistema de información geográfica (SIG). Se simularon tres escenarios predictivos. La reubicación de los pozos de bombeo hacia el Río Rojo para inducir la filtración de la ribera (primer escenario) demuestra que los niveles de agua subterránea pueden aumentar, especialmente en los conos de depresión. Los niveles de agua subterránea también pueden mejorarse localmente mediante la infiltración de agua excedente en el acuífero superior (Holoceno) a través de pozos de inyección durante la estación lluviosa (segundo escenario), pero esto no es efectivo para elevar el nivel freático en los conos de depresión. En comparación con el primer escenario, la combinación de pozos de filtración e inyección de ribera (tercer escenario) muestra solo un nivel freático general ligeramente elevado. El modelado del flujo de agua subterránea sugiere que la sobreexplotación local puede detenerse mediante una reubicación inteligente de los pozos de los principales conos de depresión y la expansión de la filtración de la ribera. Esto también podría evitar un hundimiento adicional de la tierra mientras se satisface la demanda de agua de la ciudad.

摘要

采用MODFLOW-NWT建立并校正了越南河内瞬时数值地下水流模型,以便了解当地地下水流系统并为可持续的水资源管理提出解决办法。河内的城市发展导致地下水位下降。目前的研究评价了世纪情况,调查了为阻止地下水资源枯竭而采取的含水层管理补给的适用性。结果显示,地下水处于超采状态,在研究区部分地区出现很大的下降漏斗。根据地理信息系统采用多标准决策分析方法确定了实施含水层管理补给两个技术的合适地点—河岸入渗和注水井。模拟了三种预测方案。抽水井朝红河方向重新布置引起河岸入渗(第一种方案)证明,地下水位可以升高,特别是在漏斗区。雨季通过注入井将多余的水渗入上层含水层(全新世)也可以使地下水位局部抬升,但对于抬升漏斗区的地下水位无效。与第一种方案相比,河岸入渗和注入井结合一起(第三种方案)显示,地下水位只有稍微的抬升。地下水流建模显示,可通过把漏斗区的井转移到更合适的位置以及扩大河岸入渗规模可以阻止局部超采。这项措施还可以在满足城市用水需求的同时避免进一步的地面沉降。

Resumo

Um modelo transiente de fluxo das águas subterrâneas usando o MODFLOW-NWT foi construído e calibrado para a cidade de Hanói, no Vietnã, para entender o sistema de fluxo local e sugerir soluções para o gerenciamento sustentável dos recursos hídricos. O desenvolvimento urbano em Hanoi causou um grave declínio dos níveis das águas subterrâneas. O presente estudo avalia a situação atual e investiga a adequação do gerenciamento da recarga artificial de aquíferos (GRA) para impedir o esgotamento dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos. Os resultados sugerem que as águas subterrâneas estão sendo superexplorada, pois existem vastos cones de depressão em partes da área de estudo. Locais adequados para implementar duas técnicas de GRA—filtração em margem e poços de injeção—foram identificados usando análise de decisão multicritério baseada em sistema de informação geográfica (SIG). Três cenários preditivos foram simulados. A realocação dos poços de bombeamento em direção ao Rio Vermelho para induzir a filtração em margem (primeiro cenário) demonstra que os níveis das águas subterrâneas podem ser elevados, especialmente nos cones de depressão. Os níveis das águas subterrâneas também podem sem aumentados localmente pela infiltração de água excedente no aquífero superior (Holoceno) através de poços de injeção durante a estação chuvosa (segundo cenário), mas isso não é eficaz para elevação o lençol freático nos cones de depressão. Comparado com o primeiro cenário, a combinação de filtração de margem e poços de injeção (terceiro cenário) mostra apenas um lençol freático geral ligeiramente elevado. A modelagem de fluxo das águas subterrâneas sugere que a superexploração local pode ser interrompida por uma realocação inteligente dos poços dos principais cones de depressão e pela expansão da filtração em margem. Isso também poderia evitar a subsidência de terreno enquanto a demanda de água da cidade é atendida.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), grant No. 01LN1311A (Junior Research Group “INOWAS”). This work was also partially sponsored by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) program “Postgraduate Degree Courses for Professionals with Relevance to Developing Countries” and by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) grand No. ĐT.NCCB-ĐHUD.2012-G/02.

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Glass, J., Via Rico, D.A., Stefan, C. et al. Simulation of the impact of managed aquifer recharge on the groundwater system in Hanoi, Vietnam. Hydrogeol J 26, 2427–2442 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1779-1

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