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Estimating Pelagic Fish Biomass in a Tropical Seascape Using Echosounding and Baited Stereo-Videography

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Abstract

The pelagic ecosystem is the ocean’s largest by volume and of major importance for food provision and carbon cycling. The high fish species diversity common in the tropics presents a major challenge for biomass estimation using fisheries acoustics, the traditional approach for evaluating mid-water biomass. Converting echo intensities to biomass density requires information on species identity and size, which are typically obtained by lethal means, and thus unsuitable in the portion of the ocean that is ‘no take’. To improve conservation and ecosystem-based management, we present a procedure for determining fish biomass density, using data on species identity, relative abundance, and lengths obtained from stereo baited remote underwater video systems (stereo-BRUVS) to inform the scaling of echosounder survey data (at 38 kHz). We apply the procedure in the British Indian Ocean Territory marine protected area, using acoustic data from 3025 km of survey transects and 546 BRUVS deployments recording relative abundance and size of 12,335 individual fish. Using a Generalised Additive Model of biomass density (GAM, adjR2 = 0.61) we predict, on the basis of oceanographic conditions and bathymetry, that the top 200 m pelagic ecosystem in the Chagos Archipelago, some 118,324 km2, held 3.84 (2.66, 5.62, 95% CI), 33.09 (23.41, 47.35) and 4.08 (3.1, 5.44) million tonnes of fish in November 2012, January 2015, and February 2016, respectively. Our non-extractive procedure yields ecologically credible patterns in biomass across multiple temporal (hours and years) and spatial (metres and kilometres) scales, and marks an improvement on the use of echo intensity alone as a biomass proxy. High seasonal and interannual variability has implication for pelagic fish monitoring.

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Acknowledgements

This research was conducted under permits and support granted by the British Indian Ocean Territory’s Administration and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom, and under ethics approval and permit RA/3/100/1166 and RA/3/100/1386 from the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Western Australia, following guidelines under the Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA) and the Australian Code for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes. This paper is an output of the Bertarelli Programme in Marine Science, and we are grateful for the Bertarelli Foundation’s support. We thank Christopher D. H. Thompson and Marjorie Cattaneo Fernandes for contributions to the BRUVS deployments and video analysis. We thank Philipp Boersch–Supan for assistance with acoustic data collection in 2012. We are grateful to Marine Science Scotland for lending us the towed body for the 2016 expedition, and in particular Eric Armstrong and Phil Copland for towed body preparation and shipping. Finally, for excellent assistance, fond memories and friendship, we thank the Master, Chief and crew of the support vessel.

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Author notes

  1. Author contributions Conceived of and designed the study: TB, JM, ASB. Performed research: TBL, RP, JM, MC, PH, ASB. Analysed data: RP, MC. Contributed new methods or models: RP. Wrote the paper: TBL with all co-authors contributing comments and edits.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom

    Tom B. Letessier

  2. Marine Futures Lab, School of Biological Sciences and The Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

    Tom B. Letessier & Jessica J. Meeuwig

  3. Gatty Marine Laboratory, Pelagic Ecology Research Group, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, United Kingdom

    Roland Proud & Andrew S. Brierley

  4. Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia

    Martin J. Cox

  5. School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

    Phil J. Hosegood

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  1. Tom B. Letessier
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Correspondence to Tom B. Letessier.

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Letessier, T.B., Proud, R., Meeuwig, J.J. et al. Estimating Pelagic Fish Biomass in a Tropical Seascape Using Echosounding and Baited Stereo-Videography. Ecosystems 25, 1400–1417 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-00723-8

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