Abstract
Textile industry is one of the major generators of wastewaters containing recalcitrant compounds such as dyes that jeopardize public health and environment. Electro-oxidation is an alternative method for treating recalcitrant compounds, and the key element for efficient degradation is the adequate use of dimensionally stable anode (DSA) electrodes to efficiently generate active chlorine, which degrades dyes contained in effluents into more environment-friendly compounds. This work is thereby aimed at preparing a novel DSA electrode for efficient generation of active chlorine. Two different dimensionally stable anodes (Ti/RuO2 and Sb2O5-doped Ti/RuO2-ZrO2) were prepared and then characterized by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, which corroborated the presence of RuO2, ZrO2, and Sb2O5. The comparison of electroactive areas, assessed by chronoamperometry, showed that Zr helps increase the area of the ternary electrode facilitating the formation of active chlorine. Active chlorine formation was further studied by cyclic voltammetry that revealed a reduction peak attributed to chlorine (product of chloride oxidation). Additionally, decolorization of model solutions that simulate textile effluents containing indigo carmine and reactive black 5 in media with and without chlorides was performed. In the chloride-containing medium, decolorization occurred at a faster rate than in the presence of sulfates. Decolorization of carmine indigo and reactive black 5 in the chloride-containing medium took 40 min and 2 h, respectively. In conclusion, the DSA electrode made of Sb2O5-doped Ti/RuO2-ZrO2 can efficiently generate the active chlorine for degradation of recalcitrant compounds.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Panizza M, Cerisola G (2009) Direct and mediated anodic oxidation of organic pollutants. Chem Rev 109:6541–6569
Kapalka A, Fóti G, Comninellis C (2008) Kinetic modelling of the electrochemical mineralization of organic pollutants for wastewater treatment. J Appl Electrochem 38:7–16
Malpass GRP, Miwa DW, Mortari DA, Machado SAS, Motheo AJ (2007) Decolorisation of real textile waste using electrochemical techniques: effect of the chloride concentration. Water Res 41:2969–2977
Costa CR, Montilla F, Morallón E, Olivi P (2009) Electrochemical oxidation of acid black 210 dye on the boron-doped diamond electrode in the presence of phosphate ions: Effect of current density, pH and chloride ions. Electrochim Acta 54:7048–7055
Aquino JM, Pereira GF, Rocha-Filho RC, Bocchi N, Biaggio SR (2011) Electrochemical degradation of a real textile effluent using boron-doped diamond or β-PbO2 as anode. J Hazard Mater 192:1275–1282
Kraft A (2007) Doped diamond: a compact review on a new, versatile electrode material. Int J Electrochem Sci 2:355–385
Murugananthan M, Latha SS, Raju GB, Yoshihara S (2010) Anodic oxidation of ketoprofen: an anti-inflammatory drug using boron-doped diamond and platinum electrodes. J Hazard Mater 180:753–758
Boudreau J, Bejan D, Li S, Bunce NJ (2010) Competition between electrochemical advanced oxidation and electrochemical hypochlorination of sulfamethoxazole at a boron-doped diamond anode. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:2537–2542
Kraft A (2008) Electrochemical water disinfection: a short review. Platin Met Rev 52:177–1850
Da Silva RG, Neto SA, De Andrade AR (2011) Electrochemical degradation of reactive dyes at different DSA® compositions. J Braz Chem Soc 22:126–133
Martínez-Huitle CA, Brillas E (2009) Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods: a general review. Appl Catal B Environ 87:105–145
Scialdone O, Galia A, Sabatino S (2014) Abatement of Acid Orange 7 in macro and micro reactors Effect of the electrocatalytic route. Appl Catal B Environ 148:473–483
Panizza M, Cerisola G (2003) Electrochemical oxidation of 2-naphthol with in situ electrogenerated active chlorine. Electrochim Acta 48:1515–1519
Cheng J, Zhang H, Chen G, Zhang Y (2008) Degradation characteristics of IrO2-type DSA® in metanol aqueous solutions. Electrochim Acta 53:3127–3138
Chen S, Zheng Y, Wang S, Chen X (2011) Ti/RuO2-Sb2O5-SnO2 electrodes for chlorine evolution from seawater. Chem Eng J 172:47–51
Chen X, Chen G, Yue PL (2001) Stable Ti/IrOx-Sb2O5-SnO2 anode for O2 evolution with low Ir content. J Phys Chem 105:4623–4628
Comninellis C, Vercesi GP (1991) Characterization of DSA®-type oxygen evolving electrodes: choice of a coating. J Appl Electrochem 21:335–345
Wang X, Hu J, Zhang J (2010) IrO2-SiO2 binary oxide films: preparation, physiochemical characterization and their electrochemical properties. Electrochim Acta 55:4587–4593
Chen X, Chen G (2005) Stable Ti/RuO2-Sb2O5-SnO2 electrodes for O2 evolution. Electrochim Acta 50:4155–4159
Chen G, Chen X, Yue PL (2002) Electrochemical behavior of novel Ti/IrOx-Sb2O5-SnO2 anodes. J Phys Chem 106:4364–4369
De Faria LA, Boodts J-J FC, Trasatti S (1997) Electrocatalytic properties of Ru+Ti+Ce mixed oxide electrodes for the Cl2 evolution reaction. Electrochim Acta 42:3525–3530
Fathollahi F, Javanbakht M, Norouzi P, Ganjali MR (2011) Comparison of morphology, stability and electrocatalytic properties of Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 and Ru0.3Ti0.4Ir0.3O2 coated titanium anodes. Russ J Electrochem 47:1281–1286
Al-Kuhaili MF, Durrani SMA (2011) Effect of annealing on pulsed laser deposited zirconium oxide thin films. J Alloy Compd 509:9536–9541
Torres LM, Gil A, Galicia L, Gonzalez I (1996) Understanding the difference between inner- and outer-sphere mechanisms. J Chem Educ 73:808–810
Camara R, Trasatti S (1996) Surface electrochemical properties of Ti/(RuO2, + ZrO2,) electrodes. Electrochem Acta 41:419–427
Malpass GRP, Miwa DW, Machado SAS, Motheo AJ (2010) SnO2-based materials for pesticide degradation. J Hazard Mater 180:145–151
Costa CR, Botta CMR, Espindola ELG, Olivi P (2008) Electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater using DSA® electrodes. J Hazard Mater 153:616–627
Trieu V, Schley B, Natter H, Kintrup J, Bulan A, Hempelmann R (2012) RuO2-based anodes with tailored surface morphology for improved chlorine electro-activity. Electrochim Acta 78:188–194
Yi Z, Kangning C, Wei W, Wang J, Lee S (2007) Effect of IrO2 loading on RuO2-IrO2-TiO2 anodes: a study of microstructure and working life for the chlorine evolution reaction. Ceram Int 33:1087–1091
Cheng J, Zhang H, Chen G, Zhang Y (2009) Study of IrxRu1-xO2 oxides as anodic electrocatalysts for solid polymer electrolyte water electrolysis. Electrochim Acta 54:6250–6256
Srinivasan R, Taulbee D, Davis HB (1991) The effect of sulfate on the crystal structure of zirconia. Catal Lett 9:1–8
Xiong HM, Chen JS, Li DM (2003) Controlled growth of Sb2O5 nanoparticles and their use as polymer electrolyte fillers. J Mater Chem 13:1994–1998
JCPDS-ICDD Database (2011) International Centre for Diffraction Data
Hrovat M, Bencan A, Holc J, Kosec M (2001) Subsolidus phase equilibria in the RuO2-TiO2-ZrO2 system. J Mater Sci Lett 20:2005–2008
Elmasides C, Kondarides DI, Grunert W, Verykios XE (1999) XPS and FTIR study of Ru/Al2O3 and Ru/TiO2 catalysts: reduction characteristics and interaction with a methane-oxygen mixture. J Phys Chem 103:5227–5239
Moulder JF, Stickle WF, Sobol PE, Bomben KD (1992) Handbook of X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Minnesota
National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database. http://srdata.nist.gov/xps/ Accessed 11 December 2013
Fu X, Yu H, Peng F, Wang H, Qian Y (2007) Facile preparation of RuO2/CNT catalyst by a homogenous oxidation precipitation method and its catalytic performance. Appl Catal A Gen 321:190–197
Lee J, Koo J, Sim HS, Jeon H (2004) Characteristic of ZrO2 films deposited by using the atomic layer deposition method. J Korean Phys Soc 44:915–919
Andrulevičius M, Tamulevičius S, Gnatyuk Y, Vityuk N, Smirnova N, Eremenko A (2008) XPS investigation of TiO2/ZrO2/SiO2 films modified with Ag/Au nanoparticles. Mater Sci 14:8–14
Kariuki S, Dewald HD (1996) Evaluation of diffusion coefficients of Metallic Ions in Aqueous solutions. Electroanal 8:307–313
Dassas Y, Duby P (1995) Diffusion toward Fractal Interfaces. J Electrochem Soc 142:4175–4180
Rodríguez FA, Mateo MN, Aceves JM, Rivero EP, González I (2013) Electrochemical oxidation of bio-refractory dye in a simulated textile industry effluent using DSA electrodes in a filter-press type FM01-LC reactor. Environ Technol 34:573–583
Da Silva LM, De Faria LA, Boodts JFC (2002) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) investigation of the deactivation mechanism, surface and electrocatalytic properties of Ti/RuO2(x) + Co3O4(1-x) electrodes. J Electroanal Chem 532:141–150
Xingzu W, Xiang C, Dezhi S, Hong Q (2008) Biodecolorization and partial mineralization of Reactive Black 5 by a strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J Environ Sci 20:1218–1225
Vautier M, Guillard C, Herrmann J-M (2001) Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Water: Case Study of Indigo and of Indigo Carmine. J Catal 201:46–59
Kritikos DE, Xekoukoulotakis NP, Psillakis E, Mantzavinos D (2007) Photocatalytic degradation of reactive black 5 in aqueous solutions: Effect of operating conditions and coupling with ultrasound irradiation. Water Res 41:2236–2246
Roessler A, Crettenand D, Dossenbach O, Marte W, Rys P (2002) Direct electrochemical reduction of indigo. Electrochim Acta 47:1989–1995
Acknowledgments
F.A. Rodríguez (grant holder number 227108) is grateful to Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) for the PhD fellowship granted.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rodríguez, F.A., Rivero, E.P., Lartundo-Rojas, L. et al. Preparation and characterization of Sb2O5-doped Ti/RuO2-ZrO2 for dye decolorization by means of active chlorine. J Solid State Electrochem 18, 3153–3162 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-014-2554-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-014-2554-4