Abstract
In 2001, Rutgers University Libraries (RUL) accepted a substantial donation of Roman Republican coins. The work to catalog, house, digitize, describe, and present this collection online provided unique challenges for the institution. Coins are often seen as museum objects; however, they can serve pedagogical purposes within libraries. In the quest to innovate, RUL digitized coins from seven angles to provide a 180-degree view of coins. However, this strategy had its drawbacks; it had to be reassessed as the project continued. RUCore, RUL’s digital repository, uses Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS). Accordingly, it was necessary to adapt numismatic description to bibliographic metadata standards.With generous funding from the Loeb Foundation, the resulting digital collection of 1200 coins was added to RUCore from 2012 to 2018. Rutgers’s Badian Roman Coins Collection serves as an exemplar of numismatics in a library environment that is freely available to all on the Web.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Crawford questioned the legality of Sulla’s military issues.
This excludes the Aes Rude which is not a coin.
See obverse legend in RRC 234/1 (http://numismatics.org/crro/id/rrc-234.1).
See Badian Collection (https://doi.org/10.7282/T38S4T0Z) and CRRO (http://numismatics.Org/crro/id/rrc-294.1).
References
Albarède, F., de Callataÿ, F., Debernardi, P., Blichert-Toft, J.: Model for ancient Greek and Roman coinage production. J. Archaeol. Sci. 131, 1–11 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2021.105406
Anwar, H., Zambanini, S., Kampel, M.: Coarse-grained ancient coin classification using image-based reverse side motif recognition. Mach. Vis. Appl. 26(2–3), 295–304 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-015-0665-2
Anwar, H., Anwar, S., Zambanini, S., Porikli, F.: Deep ancient Roman Republican coin classification via feature fusion and attention. Pattern Recognit. 114, 107871 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2021.107871
Arms, W.Y.: Key concepts in the architecture of the digital library. D-Lib Mag. 1(1) (1995). https://doi.org/10.1045/july95-arms
Babelon, E.: Description Historique et Chronologique des Monnaies de la République Romaine Vulgairement Appelées Monnaies Consulaires. Rollin et Feuardent, Paris (1885)
Baca, M., Harpring, P. (eds.): Creation, categories for the description of works of art. Getty Research Institute. https://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/cdwa/14creation.html#CREATION-DATE (2022)
Beard, I.: Born digital still images (digital photos): recommended minimum standards for archival and presentation datastreams. http://odin.page2pixel.org/standards/20101118-RUcoreStandards-BornDigitalPhotos.pdf (2010)
Belfiglio, V.J.: Medical toxicology in ancient Rome: 27 BC-AD 476. Int. J. Civ. Pol. Commun. Stud. 18(1), 13–20 (2020). https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0047/CGP/v18i01/13-20
Brennan, T.C., Perrone, F., Farney, G., Rutgers University Libraries: Early Coinage of the Roman Republic, 280 to 91 B.C.E. (2005). https://doi.org/10.7282/T3WH
Bruun, C., Edmondson, J.C. (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy. Oxford University Press, New York (2015)
Carbone, L.: The Olcott Coin Collection at Columbia University. Am. Numism. Soc. Mag. 18(2), 14–31 (2019)
Columbia University Libraries : George N. Olcott Coin Collection, 9999. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/archival/collections/ldpd_4079566/
Crawford, M.H.: Roman Republican Coinage. Cambridge University Press, London (1974)
de Callataÿ, F.: Calculating ancient coin production: seeking a balance. Numis. Chron. 155, 289–311 (1995)
DiBiasie Sammons, J.F.: Application of reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) to the study of ancient graffiti from Herculaneum, Italy. J. Archaeol. Sci.: Rep. 17, 184–194 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.08.011
Digital Public Library of America: NJ/DE Digital Collective joins DPLA. https://dp.la/news/nj-de-digital-collective-joins-dpla (2021)
Gruber, E.: Encoded archival description for numismatic collections. In: CAA International, pp. 98–105. https://proceedings.caaconference.org/files/2009/14_Gruber_CAA2009.pdf (2010)
Gruber, E.: Recent Advances in Roman Numismatics. Master’s thesis, University of Virginia. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.45328 (2013)
Gruber, E.: 1200 Hellenistic monograms posted to PELLA, and OCRE updates. https://numishare.blogspot.com/2019/12/1200-hellenistic-monograms-posted-to.html (2019)
Grueber, H.A.: Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum. British Museum, London (1910)
Hart, G.D.: Ancient coins and medicine. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 94(2), 77–89 (1966)
Heberlein, R.: On the flipside: Wikidata for cultural heritage metadata through the example of numismatic description. In: IFLA WLIC 2019 Athens, Greece—Libraries: Dialogue for Change, Athens, Greece. http://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/2492/ (2019)
Howgego, C.J.: Why did ancient states strike coins? Numis. Chron. 150, 1–25 (1990)
Ingo, G.M., Riccucci, C., Faraldi, F., Pascucci, M., Messina, E., Fierro, G., Di Carlo, G.: Roman sophisticated surface modification methods to manufacture silver counterfeited coins. Appl. Surf. Sci. 421, 109–119 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.101
Iniesta, I.: Pandemics in ancient Greek and Roman coinage: medical memories at the service of hope. Intern. Med. J. 50(12), 1574–1578 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.15111
Jantz, R.: An institutional framework for creating authentic digital objects. Int. J. Digit. Curat. 4(1), 71–83 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v4i1.79
Jantz, R., Giarlo, M.J.: Digital preservation architecture and technology for trusted digital repositories. D-Lib Mag. 11(6) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1045/june2005-jantz
Kahn, R., Wilensky, R.: A framework for distributed digital object services. Int. J. Digit. Libr. 6(2), 115–123 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-005-0128-x
Klose, A.C.: Badian collection application profile. Rutgers University Libraries. https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/collab/ref/ap_mwg_badian.pdf (2014)
Klose, A.C., Goldstein, S., Levy, M.S.: Numismatics & bibliographic description: how Rutgers University Libraries described coins with MODS. J. Librar. Metadata 22(1–2), 75–104 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/19386389.2022.2051979
Library of Congress: Technical standards for digital conversion of text and graphic materials. https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/about/techStandards.pdf (2007)
Library of Congress: Approved changes MODS 3.8. https://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/changes-3-8.html (2022)
Marker, R.J., Weber, M.B., Ananthan, K., Favaro, S., Smulewitz, G., Sun, L.: Repository metadata guidelines. Technical report, Rutgers University Libraries. https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/collab/ref/doc_mwg_metadata-guidelines.pdf (2006)
Metcalf, W.E.: Introduction. In: Metcalf, W.E. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 3–11. Oxford University Press, New York (2012)
Metcalf, W.E. (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage. Oxford University Press, New York (2012)
Millar, F.: The Roman Near East: 31 BC–AD 337. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1993)
Noreña, C.F.: Coins and communication. In: Peachin, M. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, pp. 248–268. Oxford University Press, New York (2011)
Oklahoma State University Library: The Dr. Bill F. & Jean Kelso ancient coin collection. video. https://youtu.be/pAfj4lA0Ong (2018)
Oklahoma State University Library : Dr. Bill F. & Jean Kelso collection of ancient coins. https://library.okstate.edu/search-and-find/collections/digital-collections/coins/
Oxford English Dictionary: Numismatics. https://www.oed.com (2021)
Parisot-Sillon, C., Suspène, A., Sarah, G.: Patterns in die axes on Roman Republican silver coinage. Numis. Chron. 174, 91–109 (2014)
Reiff, F., Bartels, M., Gastel, M., Ortner, H.M.: Investigation of contemporary gilded forgeries of ancient coins. Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 371(8), 1146–1153 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160101082
Romano, F.P., Garraffo, S., Pappalardo, L., Rizzo, F.: In situ investigation of the surface silvering of late Roman coins by combined use of high energy broad-beam and low energy micro-beam X-ray fluorescence techniques. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 73, 13–19 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2012.05.012
Rowan, C.: Ambiguity, iconology and entangled objects on coinage of the republican world. J. Roman Stud. 106, 21–57 (2016)
Rowan, C.: From Caesar to Augustus (c. 49 BC-AD 14): Using Coins as Sources. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2019)
Rutgers University Libraries. Digital records and digital proxies. https://collections.libraries.rutgers.edu/roman-coins/rti
Rutgers University Libraries: About Special Collections and University Archives. https://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/scua/mission-vision-goals
Stanford University Libraries: R. M. Row collection of Roman Imperial coins. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10415356
Sydenham, E.A.: The Coinage of the Roman Republic. Spink, London (1952)
Unicode: Ancient symbols, range: 1090-101cf. https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10190.pdf
Van Alfen, P., Wartenberg, U.: Introduction: white gold and the beginnings of coinage: an introduction to the current state of research. In: Van Alfen, P., Wartenberg, U. (eds.) White Gold: Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, pp. 1–15. American Numismatic Society, New York (2020)
Visual Resources Association: VRA core 4.0 element description. https://www.loc.gov/standards/vracore/VRA_Core4_Element_Description.pdf (2007)
Wikidata: Help:deprecation. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Deprecation (2022)
Yarrow, L.M.: The Roman Republic to 49 BCE: Using Coins as Sources. Cambridge Unviersity Press, Cambridge (2021)
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Ronald Jantz, Fernanda Perrone, T. Corey Brennan for reviewing an earlier draft of this paper and providing subsequent feedback. The first author thanks Michael Lesk for his continued support. The authors also thank the anonymous reviewers who contributed significantly to improving this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Klose, A.C., Beard, I. & Goldstein, S. Coins in the library: the creation of a digital collection of Roman Republican coins. Int J Digit Libr 24, 103–115 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-022-00338-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00799-022-00338-x