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Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of nitrate in bottled drinking waters sold in Iranian markets: A Monte Carlo simulation

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Abstract

The main objective of the current research was to evaluate nitrate content in different brands of bottled drinking waters sold in Iranian markets using the available data in the literature and to assess the health risk associated with the consumption of drinking water containing this contaminant. The concentrations of nitrate in different brands of bottled waters in Iranian markets from 16 previous studies during 2010–2018 were derived and used for human health risk assessment. PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and also Iranian database (Irandoc) were searched to find all published studies regarding the levels of nitrate in bottled drinking waters in Iran. The health risk assessment was estimated using chronic daily intake and hazard quotient based on the methodology suggested by the USEPA. The levels of nitrate in published studies varied considerably, ranging from 0.1 mg/L to 35.2 mg/L which were less than the regulatory limit of 45 mg/L for drinking water set by the USEPA. The ranges of CDI values for bottled waters were as follows: 5.13×10−4 mg/(kg d) – 8.38×10−1 mg/(kg d) [mean 3.93×10−1 mg/(kg d)], 1.58×10−5 mg/(kg d) – 2.58×10−2 mg/(kg d) [mean 1.21×10−2 mg/(kg d)], 1.09×10−6 mg/(kg d) – 1.78×10−3 mg/(kg d) [mean 8.33×10−4 mg/(kg d)] for men, women, and children, respectively. The results showed that health risk in all the studies was well within the safe zone (HQ < 1) during all the years, which indicates that these bottled waters do not induce non-carcinogenic risk. The order of non-carcinogenic health risks in studied groups was as: men > women > children.

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Acknowledgements

The authors of this study are thankful to Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (LUMS) to support this project and the students involved in conducting the experiments. Also, the authors would thank Professor Mehdi Zarrei in Sickkids-Hospital in Toronto, Canada, and Mansoureh Farhang in Gonabad University of Medical sciences for valuable comments and suggestions, allowing us to improve this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

    Bahram Kamarehie, Ali Jafari & Mansour Ghaderpoori

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

    Ahmad Zarei

  3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Yadolah Fakhri

  4. Nutrition Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

    Mansour Ghaderpoori

  5. Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Azim Alinejad

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  1. Bahram Kamarehie
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  4. Yadolah Fakhri
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Kamarehie, B., Jafari, A., Zarei, A. et al. Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of nitrate in bottled drinking waters sold in Iranian markets: A Monte Carlo simulation. Accred Qual Assur 24, 417–426 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-019-01397-5

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