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Assessing health risks in bottled water: chemical compounds and their impact on human health

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Abstract

Bottled mineral and spring water constitute one of the main sources of drinking water. Relevant legal acts in each country individually regulate the highest permitted concentrations of harmful substances in these waters. However, current regulations do not take into account newly emerging contaminants such as BPA. Analysis of the chemical composition of 72 bottled waters from the Polish market showed that undesirable elements occur in quantities that do not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations. Special attention should be paid to bottled therapeutic water, which may contain elevated concentrations of some micronutrients, such as Al, B, Ba, Fe, Mn, or Sr contributing to the pattern of health risk with excessive consumption of this type of water. The presence of BPA was confirmed in 25 tested waters. The calculated hazard index values showed that the most exposed group are children up to 12 years of age. The greatest attention should be paid to waters with high mineralisation, for which the calculated risk values are the highest.

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Acknowledgements

Research project was supported by programme “Excellence initiative—research university” for the AGH University of Krakow and partially by the Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, grant no. 16.16.140.315.

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The authors have not disclosed any funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-055, Kraków, Poland

    Katarzyna Wątor, Piotr Rusiniak & Ewa Kmiecik

  2. Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str., 30-343, Kraków, Poland

    Ryszard Bugno

  3. Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade, Đušina 7, Beograde, Serbia

    Vesna Ristić Vakanjac

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  1. Katarzyna Wątor
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  2. Piotr Rusiniak
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  3. Ewa Kmiecik
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  4. Ryszard Bugno
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  5. Vesna Ristić Vakanjac
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EK, PR, KW, and VRV were involved in conceptualization; EK, KW, and PR helped in methodology, PR and KW contributed to validation, PR and KW assisted in formal analysis, RB, PR, and KW helped in investigations, PR and KW helped in writing—original draft, EK, PR, KW, and VRV contributed to writing—review & editing, PR and KW were involved in visualization.

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Correspondence to Katarzyna Wątor.

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The author would like to clarify that there are no competing interests that could have infuenced the design, implementation, analysis, or reporting of this study. There are no financial, personal, or professional relationships that could be perceived as potential Conflict of interest.

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Wątor, K., Rusiniak, P., Kmiecik, E. et al. Assessing health risks in bottled water: chemical compounds and their impact on human health. Environ Geochem Health 46, 178 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01908-5

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