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The origin of mafic microgranular enclaves and their host granodiorites from East Kunlun, Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: implications for magma mixing during subduction of Paleo-Tethyan lithosphere

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Abstract

Voluminous granodioritic magmatism is recorded in the East Kunlun, Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Here we present mineralogical, petrological, geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic data and zircon U-Pb ages for the Naomuhun pluton and its numerous mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs). Whole-rock geochemical data and regional geological studies indicate that this pluton consists of subduction-related high-K calc-alkaline metaluminous, I-type granodiorite. The MMEs have plagioclase xenocrysts and disequilibrium textures, such as oscillatory zoning and resorbed rims, indicating magma mixing. Compositions of plagioclase (An30-An49), amphibole (Mg# = 0.62 ~ 0.68), and biotite (Mg# = 0.52–0.56) of MMEs are similar to or very slightly different from equivalent minerals in the host granodiorites, suggesting nearly complete equilibration between the mafic-and felsic magmas. The zircon U-Pb age of the MMEs (263 ± 2 Ma) is identical, within analytical error, to that of the host granodiorites (261 ± 2 Ma). The MMEs have εHf(t) values of −6.83 to −3.15 (average = −4.68), whereas those of the granodiorites range from −9.00 to −3.20 (average −5.63), which is identical within analytical uncertainty. Combined with relatively homogeneous Sr-Nd isotopic compositions, we suggest the MMEs were derived from magma mixing, and their source is similar to an enriched mantle composition. The granodiorites have TDM2(Hf) model ages ranging from 1.49 to 1.86 Ga, consistent with the Nd model ages (TDM2), implying that the host magma was derived from Paleo- or Meso-proterozoic rocks, probably the Xiaomiao Group, which forms the basement of East Kunlun. We propose a model for magma formation and magma mixing in a subduction zone environment, in which subduction of an oceanic slab at ca. 260 Ma led to fluid metasomatism, inducing partial melting of an enriched lithospheric mantle to form the voluminous mafic magma. The mafic magma underplated the overlying lower crust, resulting in its partial melting to form felsic magma. The mafic magma then mixed with the felsic magma at lower crustal levels to form the MMEs by convective motion, or forceful injection into the host felsic magma. The MMEs and their host magma were then emplaced at a depth of ca. 12 km, where they crystallized at a temperature of ca. 700–770°C.

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Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by China Geological Survey (Ke[2011]01-16-08 &1212010918002-13, Ke[2011]03-05-08&1212011121270), and National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant 90814004). Thanks go to Chen Hai-hong, Zong Ke-qing and Chen Lu for their help with isotope laboratory chemistry. Also, we would like to thank Zheng Shu for his help during microprobe analyses. We are grateful to Professor Paul T. Robinson and Miguel Angel Parada for their constructive and helpful suggestions that led to considerable improvements in this manuscript. Besides, we acknowledge two journal reviewers for their constructive comments that helped improve the paper.

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

    Fu-Hao Xiong & Chang-Qian Ma

  2. Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

    Fu-Hao Xiong, Chang-Qian Ma & Bin Liu

  3. Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

    Jin-Yang Zhang

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  1. Fu-Hao Xiong
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Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data associated with this article are tabulated in supplementary electronic files that can be downloaded from the journal website.

ESM Table 1

LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb data for NMH granodiorite (BL13) and MME (BL13-1) (XLS 25 kb)

ESM Table 2

Composition of feldspars from MMEs and host granodiorites in East Kunlun (XLS 17 kb)

ESM Table 3

Composition of amphiboles from MMEs and host granodiorites in East Kunlun (XLS 21 kb)

ESM Table 4

Composition of biotites from MMEs and host granodiorites in East Kunlun (XLS 18 kb)

ESM Table 5

Pressure (kbar) and temperature (°C) estimates for the MMEs and granodiorites in East Kunlun (XLS 21 kb)

ESM Table 6

Representative chemical compositions of MMEs and granodiorites in NMH pluton (XLS 25.5 kb)

ESM Table 7

Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic compositions from granodiorite and MME in East Kunlun (XLS 24.5 kb)

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Xiong, FH., Ma, CQ., Zhang, JY. et al. The origin of mafic microgranular enclaves and their host granodiorites from East Kunlun, Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: implications for magma mixing during subduction of Paleo-Tethyan lithosphere. Miner Petrol 104, 211–224 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-011-0187-1

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