Abstract
The Upper Cretaceous Torul pluton, located in the Eastern Pontides, is of sub-alkaline affinity and displays features typical of volcanic arc granitoids. It is a composite pluton consisting of granodiorite, biotite hornblende monzogranite, quartz monzodiorite, quartz monzonite and hornblende biotite monzogranite. The oldest syenogranite (77.9 ± 0.3 Ma) and the youngest quartz diorite form small stocks within the pluton. Samples from the granodiorites, biotite hornblende monzogranites, quartz monzodiorites, quartz monzonites and hornblende biotite monzogranites have SiO2 between 57 and 68 wt% and display high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous to peraluminous characteristics. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are fractionated (Lacn/Lucn = 6.0−14.2) with pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.59–0.84). Initial ɛNd(i) values vary between −3.1 and −4.1, initial 87Sr/86Sr values between 0.7058 and 0.7072, and δ18O values between +4.4 and +7.3‰. The quartz diorites are characterized by relatively high Mg-number of 36–38, low contents of Na2O (2.3–2.5 wt%) and SiO2 (52–55 wt%) and medium-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous composition. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are relatively flat [(La/Yb)cn = 2.8–3.3; (Tb/Yb)cn = 1.2] and show small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.74–0.76). Compared to the other rock types, radiogenic isotope signatures of the quartz diorites show higher 87Sr/86Sr (0.7075–0.7079) and lower ɛNd(i) (–4.5 to –5.3). The syenogranites have high SiO2 (70–74 wt%) and display high-K calc-alkaline, peraluminous characteristics. Their REE patterns are characterized by higher Lacn/Lucn (12.9) and Eu/Eu* (0.76–0.77) values compared to the quartz diorites. Isotopic signatures of these rocks [ɛNd(i) = −4.0 to −3.3; 87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.7034−0.7060; δ18 O = + 4.9 to + 8.2] are largely similar to the other rock types but differ from that of the quartz diorites. Fractionation of plagioclase, hornblende, pyroxene and Fe–Ti oxides played an important role in the evolution of Torul granitoids. The crystallization temperatures of the melts ranged from 800 to 900°C as determined from zircon and apatite saturation thermometry. All these characteristics, combined with low K2O/Na2O, low Al2O3/(FeOT + MgO + TiO2), and low (Na2O + K2O)/(FeOT + MgO + TiO2) ratios suggest an origin through dehydration melting of mafic lower crustal source rocks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Çamur MZ, Güven İH, Er M (1996) Geochemical characteristics of the Eastern Pontide volcanics: An example of multiple volcanic cycles in arc evolution. Turk J Earth Sci 5:123–144
Şahin SY (2005) Transition from arc- to post-collision extensional setting revealed by K–Ar dating and petrology: an example from the granitoids of the Eastern Pontide Igneous Terrane, Araklı-Trabzon, NE Turkey. Geol J 40: 425–440
Şen C, Arslan M, Van A (1998) Geochemical and petrological characteristics of the eastern Pontide Eocene (?) alkaline volcanic province, NE Turkey. Turkish J Earth Sci 7:231–239
Şengör AM, Yılmaz Y (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75:181–241
Adamia SA, Lordkipanidze MB, Zakariadze GS (1977) Evolution of an active continental margin as exemplified by the Alpine history of the Caucasus. Tectonophysics 40:183–199
Akın H (1978) Geologie, Magmatismus und Lagerstaettenbildung im ostpontischen Gebirge-Türkei aus der Sicht der Plattentektonik. Geol Rundsch 68:253–283
Akıncı ÖT (1984) The Eastern Pontide volcano-sedimentary belt and associated massive sulphide deposits. In: Dixon JE, Robertson AHF (eds) The geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean, vol 17. Geological Soc London Special Publication, London, pp 415–428
Altherr R, Siebel W (2002) I-type plutonism in a continental back-arc setting: Miocene granitoids and monzonites from the central Aegean Sea, Greece. Contrib Mineral Petrol 143:397–415
Altherr R, Henjes-Kunst F, Langer C, Otto J (1999) Interaction between crustal-derived felsic and mantle-derived mafic magmas in the Oberkirch pluton (European Variscides, Schwarzwald, Germany). Contrib Mineral Petrol 137:304–322
Altherr R, Holl A, Hegner E, Langer C, Kreuzer H (2000) High potassium, calc-alkaline I-type plutonism in the European Variscides: northern Vosges (France) and northern Schwarzwald (Germany). Lithos 50:51–73
Anderson JL, Smith DR (1995) The effects of temperature and oxygen fugacity on the Al-in-hornblende barometry. Am Mineral 80:549–559
Arslan M, Aslan Z (2005) Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary granitic intrusions in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. J Asian Earth Sci 27:177–193
Arslan M, Tüysüz N, Korkmaz S, Kurt H (1997) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the eastern Pontide volcanic rocks, Northeast Turkey. Chemie der Erde 57:157–187
Arslan M, Şen C, Aliyazıcıoğlu İ, Kaygusuz A, Aslan Z (2000) Trabzon ve Gümüşhane yörelerinde (KD, Türkiye) yüzeylenen Eosen (?) volkanitlerinin karşılaştırmalı jeolojisi, mineralojisi ve petrolojisi. Yerbilimleri ve Madencilik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, vol 1, pp 39–53
Arslan M, Kolaylı H, Temizel İ (2004) Petrographical, geochemical and petrological characteristics of the Güre (Giresun, NE Turkey) Granitoid. Bull Earth Sci Appl Res Centre Hacettepe Univ 30:1–21
Barbarin B (1988) Field evidence for successive mixing and mingling between the Piolard Diorite and the Saint-Julien-La-Vetre Monzogranite (Nord-Forez, Massif Central, France). Can J Earth Sci 25:49–59
Barbarin B (1999) A review of the relationships between granitoid types, their origins and their geodynamic environments. Lithos 46:605–626
Barbarin B, Didier J (1992) Genesis and evolution of mafic microgranular enclaves through various types of interaction between coexisting felsic and mafic magmas. Trans R Soc Edinb Earth Sci 83:145–153
Bateman R (1984) On the role of diapirism in the segregation, ascent and final emplacement of granitoid magmas. Tectonophysics 110:211–231
Bateman R (1985) Aureole deformation by flattening around a diapir during in-situ ballooning: the Cannibal Creek granite. J Geol 93:293–310
Baxter S, Feely M (2002) Magma mixing and mingling textures in granitoids: examples from the Galway Granite, Ireland. Mineral Petrol 76:63–74
Beard JS, Lofgren GE, Sinka AK, Tollo RP (1994) Partial melting of apatite-bearing charnockite, granulite, and diorite: melt compositions, restite mineralogy, and petrologic implications. J Geophys Res 99:21591–21604
Bektaş O, Çapkınoğlu Ş (1997) Doğu Pontid magmatik arkında (KD Türkiye) neptüniyen dayklar ve blok tektoniği, Mesozoyik havzaların kinematiği ile ilgili bulgular. ÇÜ 20.Yıl Sempozyumu, Adana, Bildiri Özleri, pp 187–189
Bektaş O, Şen C, Atıcı Y, Köprübaşı N (1999) Migration of the Upper Cretaceous subduction-related volcanism towards the back-arc basin of the eastern Pontide magmatic arc (NE Turkey). Geol J 34:95–106
Blundy JD, Holland, TJB (1990) Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol 104:208–224
Boztuğ D, Kuşçu İ, Erçin Aİ, Avcı N, Şahin SY (2003) Mineral deposits associated with the pre-, syn- and post-collisional granitoids of the neo-Tethyan convergence system between the Eurasian and Anatolian plates in NE and Central Turkey. In: Eliopoulops D et al (eds) Mineral exploration and sustainable development. Millpress, Rotterdam, pp 1141–1144
Boztuğ D, Jonckheere R, Wagner GA, Yeğingil Z (2004) Slow Senonian and fast Palaeocene–Early Eocene uplift of the granitoids in the Central Eastern Pontides, Turkey: apatite fission-track results. Tectonophysics 382:213–228
Boztuğ D, Erçin Aİ,Kuruçelik MK, Göç D, Kömür İ, İskenderoğlu A (2006) Geochemical characteristics of the composite Kaçkar batholith generated in a Neo-Tethyan convergence system, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. J Asian Earth Sci, pp 1–17 (in press)
Brown D, Tryggvason A (2001) Ascent mechanism of the Dzabyk batholith, southern Urals: constraints from the URSEIS reflection seismic profiling. J Geol Soc 158:881–884
Brown GC, Thorpe RS, Webb PC (1984) The geochemical characteristics of granitoids in contrasting arcs and comments on magma sources. J Geol Soc 141:413–426
Chappell BW, White AJR (1974) Two contrasting granite types. Pac Geo 8:173–174
Chappell BW, White AJR (1992) I- and S-type granites in the Lachlan Fold Belt. Trans R Soc Edinb Earth Sci 83:1–26
Clarke DB (1992) Granitoid rocks. Chapman& Hall, London, p 283
Clayton RN, Mayeda TK (1963) The use of bromine pentaflouride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis. Geo Cosmoc Acta 27:43–45
Daly RA (1933) Igneous rocks and the depths of the Earth: McGraw-Hill (Hofner Reprint 1962), New York, pp 598
Debon F, Le Fort P (1982) A chemical-mineralogical classification of common plutonic rocks and associations. Trans R Soc Edinb Earth Sci 73:135–149
Delaloye M, Çoğulu E, Chessex R (1972) Etude ge’ochronometrique des massifs cristallins de Rize et de Gümüşhane, Pontides Orientales (Turquie). CR des Sciences, vol 7/2–3. SPHN, Geneve, pp 43–52
DePaolo DJ (1981) Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallization. Earth Planet Sci Lett 53:189–202
Didier J (1973) Granites and their enclaves. Elsevier, London, p 393
Didier J, Barbarin B (1991) Enclaves and granite petrology: developments in petrology, vol 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 625 pp
Eğin D, Hirst DM, Phillips R (1979) The petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the northern Harşit river area, Pontide volcanic province, northeast Turkey. J Volcan Geotherm Res 6:105–123
Ercan T, Gedik A (1983) Pontidlerdeki volkanizma. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 18:3–30
Förster HJ, Tischendorf G, Trumbull RB (1997) An evalution of Rb vs. (Y+Nb) discrimination diagram to infer tectonic setting of silicic igneous rocks. Lithos 40:261–293
Floyd PA, Winchester JA (1975) Magma type and tectonic setting discrimination using immobile elements. Earth Planet Sci Lett 27:211–218
Galan G, Pin C, Duthon JL (1996) Sr–Nd isotopic record of multi-stage interactions between mantle derived magmas and crustal components in a collision context: the ultramafic-granitoid association from Vivero (Hercynian belt, NW Spain). Chem Geol 131:67–91
Gardien V, Thompson AB, Grujic D, Ulmer P (1995) Experimental melting of biotite+plagioclase+quartz ± muscovite assemblages and implications for crustal melting. J Geophys Res 100:15581–15591
Gedik A, Ercan T, Korkmaz S, Karataş S (1992) Rize-Fındıklı Çamlıhemşin arasında (Doğu Karadeniz) yer alan magmatik kayaçların petrolojisi ve Doğu Pontidlerdeki bölgesel yayılımları. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 35:15–38
Gedikoğlu A (1978) Harşit granit karmaşığı ve çevre kayaçları, Doçentlik Tezi, K.T.Ü, Yer Bilimleri Fakültesi, Trabzon
Genç ŞC, Yılmaz Y (1995) Post collisional Eocene magmatic activity of NW Anatolia: EUG VII, 9–13 April, Strasbourg. Terra Abstracts, Terra Nova, vol 7, pp 181
Giles DL (1974) Geology and mineralization of the Ulutaş copper–molybdenum prospect, mineral exploration in two areas. UNDP Technical Report, 6, MTA, Ankara (unpublished)
Güven İH (1993) Doğu Pontidler’in 1/ 250 000 ölçekli kompilasyonu, MTA. Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara
Haederle M, Atherton MP (2002) Shape and intrusion style of the Coastal Batholith, Peru. Tectonophysics 345:17–28
Hammastrom JM, Zen EA (1986) Aluminum in hornblende: an empirical igneous geobarometer. Am Mineral 71:1297–1313
Hanchar JM, Watson EB (2003) Zircon saturation thermometry. In: Hanchar JM, Hoskin PWO (eds) Zircon. Rev in mineralogy and geochemistry, vol 53. Mineralogical Society of America, Geochemical Society of America, pp 89–112
Harmon RS, Hoefs J (1995) Oxygen isotope heterogeneity of the mantle deduced from global 18O systematics of basalts from different geotectonic settings. Contrib Mineral Petrol 120:95–114
Harrison TM, Watson EB (1983) Kinetics of zircon dissolution and zirconium diffusion in granitic melts of variable water content. Contrib Mineral Petrol 84:66–72
Hibbard MJ (1991) Textural anatomy of twelve magma-mixed granitoid systems. In: Didier J, Barbarin B (eds) Enclaves and granite petrology, developments in petrology, vol 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 431–444
Holland TJB, Blundy JD (1994) Non-ideal interaction in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Contrib Mineral Petrol 116:433–447
Hollister LS, Grissom GC, Peters EK, Stowell HH, Sisson VB (1987) Confirmation of the empirical correlation of Al in hornblende with pressure of solidification of calc-alkaline plutons. Am Mineral 72:231–239
Jica (1986) The republic of Turkey report on the cooperative mineral exploration of Gümüşhane area, consolidated report. Japan Int Coop Agency, 146 pp
Karslı O (2002) Granitoyid kayaçlarda magma etkileşimleri için petrografik, mineralojik ve kimyasal bulgular: Dölek ve Sarıçiçek Plütonları (Gümüşhane-KD Türkiye), PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon
Kaygusuz A (2000) Torul ve çevresinde yüzeylenen kayaçların petrografik ve jeokimyasal incelenmesi. PhD Thesis KTÜ- Trabzon, 23 pp
Kaygusuz A, Şen C (1998) Torul (Gümüşhane) granitoyidinin petrografik ve kimyasal karakterleri, Fırat Üniversitesinde Jeoloji Mühendisliği Eğitiminin 20. Yılı Sempozyumu Bildirileri, pp 381–388
Kazmin VG, Sbortshikov IM, Rıcou LE, Zonenshain LP, Boulin J, Knıpper A (1986) Volcanic belts as markers of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of Tethys. Tectonophysics 123:123–152
Kazmin VG, Schreider AA, Bulychev AA (2000) Early stages of evolution of the Black Sea. In: Bozkurt E, Winchester JA, Piper JDA (eds) Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey and surrounding area, vol 173. Geological Society London, Special Publications, pp 235–249
Ketin İ (1966) Tectonic units of Anatolia (Asia Minor). Maden Tetkik ve Arama Bulletion 66:22–34
Köprübaşı N, Şen C, Kaygusuz A (2000) Doğu Pontid adayayı granitoyidlerin karşılaştırılmalı petrografik ve kimyasal özellikleri, Uygulamalı Yerbilimleri 1:111–120
Korkmaz S, Tüysüz N, Er M, Musaoğlu A, Keskin İ (1995) Stratigraphy of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. In: Erler et al. (eds) Procedings of the international symposium of the geology of the Black Sea Region, pp 59–69
Le Maitre RW, Bateman P, Dudek A, Keller J, Lameyre J, Le Bas MJ, Sabine PA, Schmid R, Sorensen H, Streckeisen A, Wooley AR, Zanettin B (1989) A classification of igneous rocks and glossary of terms. Blackwell, Oxford, p 193
Lesher CE (1990) Decoupling of chemical and isotopic exchange during magma mixing. Nature 344:235–237
Marsh BD (1982) On the mechanics of igneous diapirism, stoping and zone melting. Am J Sci 282:808–855
Miller CF, Meschter McDowell S, Mapes RW (2003) Hot and cold granites? Implications of zircon saturation temperatures and preservation of inheritance. Geology 31:529–532
Moore WJ, Mckee EH, Akıncı Ö (1980) Chemistry and chronology of plutonic rocks in the Pontid mountains, northern Turkey. Symposium of European Copper Deposits, Belgrade 1980, pp 209–216
Okay A, Şahintürk Ö (1997) Geology of the Eastern Pontides. In: Robinson AG (ed) Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region. AAPG Memoir 68:291–311
Patiño Douce AE (1997) Generation of metaluminous A-type granites by low-pressure melting of calc-alkaline granitoids. Geology 25:743–746
Patiño Douce AE (1999) What do experiments tell us about the relative contributions of crust and mantle to the origin of granitic magmas? In: Castro A, Fernandez C, Vigneresse JL (eds) Understanding granites: intergrating new and classical techniques, vol 168. Geological Society London Special Publication, pp 55–75
Patiño Douce AE, Beard JS (1996) Effects of P, f (O2) and Mg/Fe ratio on dehydration melting of model metagreywackes. J Petrol 37:999–1024
Patiño Douce AE, Johnston AD (1991) Phase equilibria and melt productivity in the pelite system: implications for the origin of peraluminous granitoids and aluminous granulites. Contrib Mineral Petrol 107:202–218
Patiño Douce AE, McCarthy TC (1998) Melting of crustal rocks during continental collision and subduction. In: Hacker BR, Liou JG (eds) When continents collide: geodynamics and geochemistry of ultra-high pressure rocks. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 27–55
Pearce JA, Harris NBW, Tindle AG (1984) Trace element discrimination diagram for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. J Petrol 25:956–983
Peccerillo R, Taylor SR (1976) Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, northern Turkey. Contrib Mineral Petrol 58:63–81
Petford N (1996) Dykes or diapirs? Trans R Soc Edinb Earth Sci 87:105–114
Pitcher WS, Read HH (1963) Contact metamorphism in relation to manner of emplacement of the granites of Donegal, Ireland. J Geol 71:261–296
Ramsay JG (1989) Emplacement kinematics of a granite diapir: the Chindamore Batholith, Zimbabwe. J Struct Geol 11:191–209
Rapp RP (1995) Amphibole-out phase boundary in partially melted metabasalt, its control over liquid fraction and composition, and source permeability. J Geophys Res 100:15601–15610
Rapp RP, Watson EB (1995) Dehydration melting of metabasalt at 8–32 kbar: implications for continental growth and crust-mantle recycling. J Petrol 36:891–931
Rapp RP, Watson EB, Miller CF (1991) Partial melting of amphibolite eclogite and the origin of Archean trondhjemites and tonalites. Precambrian Res 51:1–25
Roberts MP, Clemens JD (1993) Origin of high-potassium, calc-alkaline, I-type granitoids. Geology 21:825–828
Robinson AG, Banks CJ, Rutherford MM, Hirst JPP (1995) Stratigraphic and structural development of the eastern Pontides, Turkey. J Geol Soc Lond 152:861–872
Rogers G, Hawkesworth CJ (1989) A geochemical traverse across the North Chilean Andes: evidence for crust generation from the mantle-wedge. Earth Planet Sci Lett 91:271–285
Romick JD, Kay SM, Kay RW (1992) The influence of amphibole fractionation on the evolution of calc-alkaline andesite and dacite tephra from the Central Aleutians, Alaska. Contrib Mineral Petrol 112:101–118
Sajona FG, Maury RC, Bellon H, Cotton J, Defant M (1996) High field strength element enrichment of Pliocene-Pleistocene Island Arc Basalts, Zamboanga Peninsula, western Mindanao (Philippines). J Petrol 37:693–726
Schmidt MW (1992) Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental calibration of the Al-in-hornblende barometer at 650°C, 3.5 kbar. Contrib Mineral Petrol 110:304–310
Shand SJ (1947) Eruptive rocks. Their genesis, composition, classification and their relation to ore-deposits, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, p 488
Siebel W, Reitter E, Wenzel T, Blaha U (2005) Sr isotope systematics of K-feldspar in plutonic rocks revealed by the Rb-Sr microdrilling technique. Chem Geol 222:183–199
Skjerlie KP, Johnston AD (1996) Vapour-absent melting from 10 to 20 kbar of crustal rocks that contain multiple hydrous phases: implications for anatexis in the deep to very deep continental crust and active continental margins. J Petrol 37:661–691
Stein E, Dietl C (2001) Hornblende thermobarometry of granitoids from the Central Odenwald (Germany) and their implications for the geotectonic development of the Odenwald. Mineral Petrol 72:185–207
Stevens G, Clemens JD, Droop GTR (1997) Melt production during granulite facies anatexis: experimental data from ‘primitive’ metasedimentary protoliths. Contrib Mineral Petrol 128:352–370
Streckeisen A (1976) To each plutonic rock its proper name. Earth Sci Rev 12:1–33
Sun SS, McDonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotope systematics of oceanic basalts; implication for mantle compositions and processes. In: Saunders AD, Nory MJ (eds) Magmatism in the ocean basins, vol 42. Geological Society London Special Publication, pp 313–345
Taner MF (1977) Etuda géologique et pétrographique de la région de Güneyce-İkizdere, située au sud de Rize (Pontides orientales, Turquie). PhD Thesis, Universite de Geneve, 180 pp (unpublished)
Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1985) The continental crust: its composition and evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, p 312
Thompson AB (1996) Fertility of crustal rocks during anatexis. Trans R Soc Edinb Earth Sci 87:1–10
Thompson AB, Connolly JAD (1995) Melting of the continental crust: some thermal and petrological constraints on anatexis in continental collision zones and other tectonic settings. J Geophys Res 100:15565–15579
Tokel S (1977) Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde Eosen yaşlı kalk alkalen andezitler ve jeotektonizma. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 20:49–54
Topuz G, Alther R, Schwarz WH, Siebel W, Satır M, Dokuz A (2005) Post-collisional plutonism with adakite-like signatures: the Eocene Saraycık granodiorite (Eastern Pontides, Turkey). Contrib Mineral Petrol 150:441–455
Vernon RH (1990) Crystallization and hybridism in microgranitoid enclave magmas: microstructural evidence. J Geophys Res 95:17849–17859
Vielzeuf D, Holloway JR (1988) Experimental determinations of the fluid-absent melting reactions in the pelitic system. Contrib Mineral Petrol 98:257–276
Waight TE, Dean AA, Maas R, Nicholls IA (2000) Sr and Nd isotopic investigations towards the origin of feldspar megacrysts in microgranular enclaves in two I-type plutons of the Lachlan Fold Belt, southeast Australia. Aust J Earth Sci 47:1105–1112
Watson EB, Harrison TM (1983) Zircon saturation revisited: temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types. Earth Planet Sci Lett 64:295–304
Wolf M, Wyllie P (1994) Dehydration melting of solid amphibolite at 10 kb: the effect of temperature and time. Contrib Mineral Petrol 115:369–383
Wyllie PJ, Cox KG, Biggar GM (1962) The habit of apatite in synthetic systems and igneous rocks. J Petrol 3:238–243
Yılmaz Y (1981) Sakarya kıtası güney kenarının tektonik evrimi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi 1:33–52
Yılmaz S, Boztuğ D (1996) Space and time relations of three plutonic phases in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Int Geol Rev 38:935–956
Yılmaz S, Boztuğ D (1997) Dereli-Şebinkarahisar (Giresun güneyi) arasında yüzeylenen Doğu Pontid plütonizması petrojenezinde magma karışımı, fraksiyonel kristalleşme, kabuksal kirlenme ve kısmi erime süreçleri. Geosound/Yerbilimleri, Çukurova Üniversitesinde Jeoloji Mühendisliği Eğitiminin 20. Yılı Sempozyumu, Özel Sayı 30:833–853
Yılmaz A, Adamia S, Chabukiani A, Chkhotua T, Erdoğan K, Tuzcu S, Karabıyıkoğlu M (2000) Structural correlation of the southern Transcaucasus (Georgia)-Eastern Pontides (Turkey). In: Bozkurt E, Winchester JA, Piper JDA (eds) Tectonics and magmatism in turkey and surrounding area, vol 173. Geological Society London Special Publication, pp 171–182
Yeğingil Z, Boztuğ D, Er M, Oddone M, Bigazzi G (2002) Timing of neotectonic fracturing by fission-track dating of obsidian in-filling faults in the İkizdere-Rize area, NE Black Sea region Turkey. Terra Nova 14(3):169–174
Zorpi MJ, Coulon C, Orisini JB (1991) Hybridization between felsic and mafic magmas in calc-alkaline granitoids: a case study in northern Sardinia, Italy. Chem Geol 92:45–86
Acknowledgments
We appreciate the help of E. Reitter and G. Stoschek during radiogenic and stable isotope analyses. Thanks are due to Prof. T. Dunn for microprobe analyses. Prof. M. Arslan is kindly thanked for his general improvement of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Research Fund of Karadeniz Technical University (Project number: 96.112.005.16).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaygusuz, A., Siebel, W., Şen, C. et al. Petrochemistry and petrology of I-type granitoids in an arc setting: the composite Torul pluton, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 97, 739–764 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-007-0188-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-007-0188-9