Abstract
Accurate prediction of soil N availability requires a sound understanding of the effects of environmental conditions and management practices on the microbial activities involved in N mineralization. We determined the effects of soil temperature and moisture content and substrate type and quality (resulting from long-term pasture management) on soluble organic C content, microbial biomass C and N contents, and the gross and net rates of soil N mineralization and nitrification. Soil samples were collected at 0–10 cm from two radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) silvopastoral treatments (with an understorey pasture of lucerne, Medicago sativa L., or ryegrass, Lolium perenne L.) and bare ground (control) in an agroforestry field experiment and were incubated under three moisture contents (100, 75, 50% field capacity) and three temperatures (5, 25, 40 °C) in the laboratory. The amount of soluble organic C released at 40 °C was 2.6- and 2.7-fold higher than the amounts released at 25 °C and 5 °C, respectively, indicating an enhanced substrate decomposition rate at elevated temperature. Microbial biomass C:N ratios varied from 4.6 to 13.0 and generally increased with decreasing water content. Gross N mineralization rates were significantly higher at 40 °C (12.9 μg) than at 25 °C (3.9 μg) and 5 °C (1.5 μg g−1 soil day−1); and net N mineralization rates were also higher at 40 °C than at 25 °C and 5 °C. The former was 7.5-, 34-, and 29-fold higher than the latter at the corresponding temperature treatments. Gross nitrification rates among the temperature treatments were in the order 25 °C >40 °C >5 °C, whilst net nitrification rates were little affected by temperature. Temperature and substrate type appeared to be the most critical factors affecting the gross rates of N mineralization and nitrification, soluble organic C, and microbial biomass C and N contents. Soils from the lucerne and ryegrass plots mostly had significantly higher gross and net mineralization and nitrification rates, soluble organic C, and microbial biomass C and N contents than those from the bare ground, because of the higher soil C and N status in the pasture soils. Strong positive correlations were obtained between gross and net rates of N mineralization, between soluble organic C content and the net and gross N mineralization rates, and between microbial biomass N and C contents.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amatya G, Chang SX, Beare M, Mead DJ (2002) Soil properties under a Pinus radiata-ryegrass silvopastoral system in New Zealand. Part II. C and N of soil microbial biomass, and soil N dynamics. Agrofor Syst 54:149–160
Arnold SS, Fernandez IJ, Rustad LE, Zibilske LM (1999) Microbial response of an acid forest soil to experimental soil warming. Biol Fertil Soils 30:239–244
Barraclough D (1995) 15N isotope dilution techniques to study soil nitrogen transformations and plant uptake. Fert Res 42:185–192
Blair N, Crocker GJ (2000) Crop rotation effects on soil carbon and physical fertility of two Australian soils. Aust J Soil Res 38:71–84
Bonde TA, Schnurer J, Rosswall T (1988) Microbial biomass as a fraction of potential mineralizable nitrogen in soils from long-term field experiments. Soil Biol Biochem 20:447–452
Bremner JM, Blackmer AM (1981) Terrestrial nitrification as a source of atmospheric nitrous oxide. In: Delwiche CC (ed) Denitrification, nitrification and atmospheric nitrous oxide. Wiley, New York, pp 151–170
Brookes PC, Landemann A, Pruden G, Jenkinson DS (1985) Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 7:837–842
Burford JR, Bremner JM (1975) Relationships between the denitrification capacities of soils and total water soluble and readily decomposable soil organic matter. Soil Biol Biochem 7:389–394
Burke IC, Reiners WA, Schimel DS (1989) Organic matter turnover in a sagebrush steppe landscape. Biogeochemistry 7:11–31
Chang SX, Amatya G, Beare MH, Mead DJ (2002) Soil properties under a Pinus radiata–ryegrass silvopastoral system in New Zealand. Part 1. Soil N and moisture availability, soil C, and tree growth. Agrofor Syst 54:137–147
Chang X, Juma NG (1996) Impact of crop rotations on microbial biomass, faunal populations, and plant C and N in a Gray Luvisol (Typic Cryoboralf). Biol Fertil Soils 22:31–39
Clarholm M, Rosswall T (1980) Biomass and turnover of bacteria in a forest soil and a peat. Soil Biol Biochem 12:49–57
Davidson EA, Hart SC, Shanks CA, Firestone MK (1991) Measuring gross N mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification by 15N isotopic pool dilution in intact soil cores. J Soil Sci 42:335–349
Fisk MC, Schmidt SK, Seastedt TR (1998) Topographic patterns of above and belowground production and nitrogen cycling in alpine tundra. Ecology 79:2253–2266
Gaillard V, Chenu C, Recous S, Richard G (1999) Carbon, nitrogen and microbial gradients induced by plant residues decomposing in soil. Eur J Soil Sci 50:567–578
Gill K, Jarvis SC, Hatch DJ (1995) Mineralization of nitrogen in long-term pasture soils: effects of management. Plant Soil 172:153–162
Goh KM, Mansur I, Mead DJ, Sweet GB (1996) Biological nitrogen fixing capacity and biomass production of different understorey pastures in a Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry system in New Zealand. Agrofor Syst 34:33–49
Haggar JP, Tanner EVJ, Beer JW, Kass DCL (1993) Nitrogen dynamics of tropical agroforestry and annual cropping systems. Soil Biol Biochem 45:1363–1378
Hart SC, Nason GE, Myrold DD, Perry DA (1994) Dynamics of gross nitrogen transformations in an old forest: the carbon connection. Ecology 75:880–891
Holmes WE, Zak DR (1994) Soil microbial biomass dynamics and net nitrogen mineralization in Northern hardwood ecosystems. Soil Sci Soc Am J 58:238–243
Joergensen RG, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS (1990) Survival of the soil microbial biomass at elevated temperatures. Soil Biol Biochem 22:1129–1136
Matheson FE (2001) Nitrogen removal and the fate of nitrate in riparian buffer zones. PhD thesis, University of Durham, Durham
Mead DJ (1995) The role of agroforestry in industrialized nations: the southern hemisphere perspective with special emphasis on Australia and New Zealand. Agrofor Syst 31:143–156
Miltner A, Zech W (1999) Microbial degradation and resynthesis of proteins during incubation of beech leaf litter in the presence of mineral phase. Biol Fertil Soils 30:48–51
Nilsson MC, Wardle DA, Dahlberg A (1999) Effects of plant litter species composition and diversity on the boreal forest plant–soil system. Oikos 86:16–26
Paul EA, Clark FE (1996) Soil microbiology and biochemistry, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego
Sarathchandra SU, Perrot KW, Littler RA (1989) Soil microbial biomass: Influence of simulated temperature changes on size, activity, and nutrient content. Soil Biol Biochem 21:987–993
Schmidt IK, Jonasson S, Michelson A (1999) Mineralization and microbial immobilization of N and P in arctic soils in relation to season, temperature and nutrient amendment. Appl Soil Ecol 11:147–160
Sierra J, Marban L (2000) Nitrogen mineralization pattern of an Oxisol of Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:2002–2010
Sims JT (1995) Organic wastes as alternative nitrogen sources. In: Bacon PE (ed) Nitrogen fertilization in the environment. Dekker, New York, pp 487–535
Staaf H, Berg B (1981) Plant litter input to soil. In: Clark FE, Rosswall T (eds) Terrestrial nitrogen cycles: processes, ecosystem strategies and management impacts. Ecological Bulletin, Stockholm, pp 147–167
Stark JM, Hart SC (1996) Diffusion technique for preparing salt solutions, Kjeldahl digests, and persulfate digests for nitrogen-15 analysis. Soil Sci Soc Am J 60:1846–1855
Stottlemyer R, Toczydlowski D (1999) Nitrogen mineralization in a mature boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan. J Environ Qual 28:709–720
SYSTAT (1994) SYSTAT for Windows, ver 5. SYSTAT, Evanston, Ill.
Vance ED, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS (1987) An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biol Biochem 19:703–707
Verburg PSJ, Dam DV, Hefting MM, Tietema A (1999) Microbial transformations of C and N in a boreal forest floor as affected by temperature. Plant Soil 208:187–197
Yentsch CM, Yentsch CS (1989) Flow cytometric analysis of microbial populations. In: Hattori T, Ishada Y, Maruyama Y, Morita RY, Uchida A (eds) Recent advances in microbial ecology. Japan Scientific Society, Tokyo, pp 707–711
Yunusa IAM, Mead DJ, Pollock KM, Lucas RJ (1995) Process studies in a Pinus radiata–pasture agroforestry systems in a subhumid temperate environment. I. Water use and light interception in the third year. Agrofor Syst 32:163–183
Zaman M, Cameron KC, Di HJ, Noonan MJ (1998) Nitrogen mineralisation rates from soil amended with dairy pond waste. Aust J Soil Res 36:217–230
Zaman M, Di HJ, Cameron KC, Frampton CM (1999a) Gross nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates and their relationships to enzyme activities and the soil microbial biomass in soils treated with dairy shed effluent and ammonium fertilizer at different water potentials. Biol Fertil Soils 29:178–186
Zaman M, Di HJ, Cameron KC (1999b) A field study of gross rates of N mineralization and nitrification rates and their relationships to microbial biomass and enzyme activities in soils treated with dairy effluent and ammonium fertilizer. Soil Use Manag 15:188–194
Zaman M, Di HJ, Sakamoto K, Goto S, Hayashi H, Inunbushi K (2002) Effect of sewage sludge compost and chemical fertilize application on microbial biomass and N mineralization rates. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 48:195–201
Acknowledgements
We thank Lincoln University (New Development Fund) and Brian Mason Scientific Trust (New Zealand) for funding this project and Prof. P. Brookes and Munib Akhtar for helpful discussion in the preparation of this manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers’ comments helped improve the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zaman, M., Chang, S.X. Substrate type, temperature, and moisture content affect gross and net N mineralization and nitrification rates in agroforestry systems. Biol Fertil Soils 39, 269–279 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-003-0716-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-003-0716-0