Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

MRI of the scrotum: Recommendations of the ESUR Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group

  • Urogenital
  • Published:
European Radiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

The Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group (SPI-WG) appointed by the board of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) has produced recommendations for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the scrotum.

Methods

The SPI-WG searched for original and review articles published before September 2016 using the Pubmed and Medline databases. Keywords used were ‘magnetic resonance imaging’, 'testis or testicle or testicular', 'scrotum', 'intratesticular', 'paratesticular', 'extratesticular' 'diffusion-weighted', 'dynamic MRI'. Consensus was obtained among the members of the subcommittee. The expert panel proposed recommendations using Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence.

Results

The recommended MRI protocol should include T1-, T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Scrotal MRI can be clinically applied for lesion characterisation (primary), including both intratesticular and paratesticular masses, differentiation between germ-cell and non-germ-cell neoplasms (evolving), characterisation of the histological type of testicular germ cell neoplasms (TGCNs, in selected cases), local staging of TGCNs (primary), acute scrotum (in selected cases), trauma (in selected cases) and undescended testes (primary).

Conclusions

The ESUR SPI-WG produced this consensus paper in which the existing literature on MRI of the scrotum is reviewed. The recommendations for the optimal imaging technique and clinical indications are presented.

Key points

• This report presents recommendations for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the scrotum.

• Imaging acquisition protocols and clinical indications are provided.

• MRI is becoming established as a worthwhile second-line diagnostic tool for scrotal pathology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

3D:

Three-dimensional

ADC:

Apparent diffusion coefficient

CDUS:

Colour Doppler ultrasonography

DCE:

Dynamic contrast-enhanced

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging

ESUR:

European Society of Urogenital Radiology

LCTs:

Leydig cell tumours

LE:

Levels of Evidence

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

OCEBM:

Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine

SPI-WG:

Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group

T1WI:

T1-weighted

T2WI:

T2-weighted

TGCNs:

Testicular germ cell neoplasms

TSI:

Testicular segmental infarction

TSS:

Testis sparing surgery

US:

Ultrasonography

References

  1. Appelbaum L, Gaitini D, Dogra VS (2013) Scrotal ultrasound in adults. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 34:257–273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bhatt S, Jafri SZ, Wasserman N, Dogra VS (2011) Imaging of non-neoplastic intratesticular masses. Diagn Interv Radiol 17:52–63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bhatt S, Dogra VS (2008) Role of US in testicular and scrotal trauma. Radiographics 28:1617–1629

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M, Rubens DJ (2003) Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology 227:18–36

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hamm B (1997) Differential diagnosis of scrotal masses by ultrasound. Eur Radiol 7:668–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Baker LL, Hajek PC, Burkhard TK (1987) MR imaging of the scrotum: pathologic conditions. Radiology 163:93–98

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Thurnher S, Hricak H, Carroll PR, Pobiel RS, Filly RA (1988) Imaging the testis: comparison between MR imaging and US. Radiology 167:631–636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cramer BM, Schlegel EA, Thueroff JW (1991) MR imaging in the differential diagnosis of scrotal and testicular disease. Radiographics 11:9–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sica GT, Teeger S (1996) MR imaging of scrotal, testicular, and penile diseases. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 4:545–563

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Serra AD, Hricak H, Coakley FV et al (1998) Inconclusive clinical and ultrasound evaluation of the scrotum: impact of magnetic resonance imaging on patient management and cost. Urology 51:1018–1021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Choyke PL (2000) Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the scrotum: reality check. Radiology 217:14–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, O'Donoghue MJ, Green DE (2002) From the archives of the AFIP: tumours and tumourlike lesions of the testis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 22:189–216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Andipa E, Liberopoulos K, Asvestis C (2004) Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound evaluation of penile and testicular masses. World J Urol 22:382–391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gupta R, Alobaidi M, Jafri SZ, Bis K, Amendola M (2005) Correlation of US and MRI Findings of Intratesticular and Paratesticular Lesions: From Infants to Adults. Curr Prob Diagn Radiol 34:35–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kim W, Rosen MA, Langer JE, Banner MP, Siegelman ES, Ramchandani P (2007) US MR imaging correlation in pathologic conditions of the scrotum. Radiographics 27:1239–1253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Parenti GC, Feletti F, Brandini F et al (2009) Imaging of the scrotum: role of MRI. Radiol Med 114:414–424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cassidy FH, Ishioka KM, McMahon CJ (2010) MR imaging of scrotal tumours and pseudotumours. Radiographics 30:665–683

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Philips S, Nagar A, Dighe M, Vikram R, Sunnapwar A, Prasad S (2012) Benign non-cystic scrotal tumours and pseudotumours. Acta Radiol 53:102–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mohrs OK, Thoms H, Egner T et al (2012) MRI of patients with suspected scrotal or testicular lesions: diagnostic value in daily practice. AJR Am J Roentgenol 199:609–615

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Tsili AC, Giannakis D, Sylakos A, Ntorkou A, Sofikitis N, Argyropoulou MI (2014) MR imaging of scrotum. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 22:217–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Manganaro L, Vinci V, Pozza C et al (2015) A prospective study on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of testicular lesions: distinctive features of Leydig cell tumours. Eur Radiol 25:3586–3595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Trambert MA, Mattrey RF, Levine D, Berthoty DP (1990) Subacute scrotal pain: evaluation of torsion versus epididymitis with MR imaging. Radiology 175:53–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Terai A, Yoshimura K, Ichioka K et al (2006) Dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction magnetic resonance imaging in diagnostics of testicular torsion. Urology 67:1278–1282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kim SH, Park S, Choi SH, Jeong WK, Choi JH (2009) The efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of testicular rupture: a prospective preliminary study. J Trauma 66:239–242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mäkelä E, Lahdes-Vasama T, Ryymin R et al (2011) Magnetic resonance imaging of acute scrotum. Scand J Surg 100:196–201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Avery LL, Scheinfeld MH (2013) Imaging of penile and scrotal emergencies. Radiographics 33:721–740

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rholl KS, Lee JK, Ling D, Heiken JP, Glazer HS (1987) MR imaging of the scrotum with a high-resolution surface coil. Radiology 163:99–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Seidenwurm D, Smathers RL, Lo RK, Carrol CL, Bassett J, Hoffman AR (1987) Testes and scrotum: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 164:393–398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sohn M, Neuerburg J, Bohndorf K, Sikora R, Daus HJ (1989) The value of magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T in the evaluation of the scrotal content. Urol Int 44:284–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Schultz-Lampel D, Bogaert G, Thüroff JW, Schlegel E, Cramer B (1991) MRI for evaluation of scrotal pathology. Urol Res 19:289–292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mattrey RF (1991) Magnetic resonance imaging of the scrotum. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 12:95–108

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schnall M (1993) Magnetic resonance imaging of the scrotum. Semin Roentgenol 28:19–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Oyen R, Verellen S, Drochmans A (1993) Value of MRI in the diagnosis and staging of testicular tumours. J Belge Radiol 76:84–89

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Müller-Leisse C, Bohndorf K, Stargardt A (1994) Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted versus T2-weighted imaging of scrotal disorders: is there an indication for MR imaging? J Magn Reson Imaging 4:389–395

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kubik-Huch RA, Hailemariam S, Hamm B (1999) CT and MRI of the male genital tract: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Eur Radiol 9:16–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Langer JE, Ramchandani P, Siegelman ES, Banner MP (1999) Epidermoid cysts of the testicle: sonographic and MR imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173:1295–1299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Watanabe Y (2002) Scrotal imaging. Curr Opin Urol 12:149–153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Avila NA, Premkumar A, Merke DP (1999) Testicular adrenal rest tissue in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: comparison of MR imaging and sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:1003–1006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Muglia V, Tucci S Jr, Elias J Jr, Trad CS, Bilbey I, Cooperberg PL (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging of scrotal diseases: when it makes the difference. Urology 59:419–423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Stikkelbroeck NM, Suliman HM, Otten BJ, Hermus AR, Blickman JG, Jager GJ (2003) Testicular adrenal rest tumours in postpubertal males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: sonographic and MR features. Eur Radiol 13:1597–1603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fernandez-Perez GC, Tardaguila FM, Velasco M, Rivas C, Dos Santos J, Cambronero J et al (2005) Radiologic findings of segmental testicular infarction. AJR Am Roentgenol 184:1587–1593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Tsili AC, Argyropoulou MI, Giannakis D, Sofikitis N, Tsampoulas K (2010) MRI in the characterisation and local staging of testicular neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:682–689

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Park SB, Lee WC, Kim JK et al (2011) Imaging features of benign solid testicular and paratesticular lesions. Eur Radiol 21:2226–2234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Aganovic L, Cassidy F (2012) Imaging of the scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am 50:1145–1165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Watanabe Y (2012) Instrumentation, technical requirements: MRI. In: Bertolotto M, Trombetta C (eds) Scrotal Pathology, Medical Radiology. Diagnostic Imaging. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 17–26

    Google Scholar 

  46. Woldrich JM, Im RD, Hughes-Cassidy FM, Aganovic L, Sakamoto K (2013) Magnetic resonance imaging for intratesticular and extratesticular scrotal lesions. Can J Urol 20:6855–6859

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Parker RA 3rd, Menias CO, Quazi R et al (2015) MR Imaging of the Penis and Scrotum. Radiographics 35:1033–1050

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Woodward PJ, Schwab CM, Sesterhenn IA (2003) From the archives of the AFIP: extratesticular scrotal masses: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 23:215–240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Akbar SA, Sayyed TA, Jafri SZ, Hasteh F, Neill JS (2003) Multimodality imaging of paratesticular neoplasms and their rare mimics. Radiographics 23:1461–1476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kier R, McCarthy S, Rosenfield AT, Rosenfield NS, Rapoport S, Weiss RM (1988) Nonpalpable testes in young boys: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 169:429–433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sarihan H, Sari A, Abeş M, Dinç H (1998) Nonpalpable undescended testis: value of magnetic resonance imaging. Minerva Urol Nefrol 50:233–236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kanemoto K, Hayashi Y, Kojima Y, Maruyama T, Ito M, Kohri K (2005) Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of nonpalpable testis. Int J Urol 12:668–672

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Tsitouridis I, Maskalidis C, Panagiotidou D, Kariki EP (2014) Eleven patients with testicular leydig cell tumours: clinical, imaging, and pathologic correlation. J Ultrasound Med 33:1855–1864

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Reinges MHT, Kaiser WA, Miersch WD, Vogel J, Reiser M (1995) Dynamic MRI of benign and malignant testicular lesions: preliminary observations. Eur Radiol 5:615–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Watanabe Y, Dohke M, Ohkubo K et al (2000) Scrotal disorders: evaluation of testicular enhancement patterns at dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction MR imaging. Radiology 217:219–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tsili AC, Argyropoulou MI, Astrakas LG et al (2013) Dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction MRI for characterizing intratesticular mass lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 200:578–585

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Sanharawi JE, Correas JM, Glas L, Ferlicot S, Izard V, Ducot B et al (2016) Non-palpble incidentally found testicular tumours: Differentiation between benign, malignant and burned-out tumours using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Eur J Radiol 85:2072–2082

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Tsili AC, Argyropoulou MI, Giannakis D, Tsampalas S, Sofikitis N, Tsampoulas K (2012) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of normal and abnormal scrotum: preliminary results. Asian J Androl 14:649–654

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Algebally AM, Tantawy HI, Yousef RR, Szmigielski W, Darweesh A (2015) Advantage of Adding Diffusion Weighted Imaging to Routine MRI Examinations in the Diagnostics of Scrotal Lesions. Pol J Radiol 80:442–449

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Sonmez G, Sivrioglu AK, Velioglu M et al (2012) Optimized imaging techniques for testicular masses: fast and with high accuracy. Wien Klin Wochenschr 124:704–708

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Tsili AC, Giannakis D, Sylakos A et al (2014) Apparent diffusion coefficient values of normal testis and variations with age. Asian J Androl 16:493–497

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Tsili AC, Ntorkou A, Baltogiannis D et al (2015) The role of apparent diffusion coefficient values in detecting testicular intraepithelial neoplasia: preliminary results. Eur J Radiol 84:828–833

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Maki D, Watanabe Y, Nagayama M et al (2011) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of testicular torsion: feasibility study. J Magn Reson Imaging 34:1137–1142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Watanabe Y, Nagayama M, Okumura A et al (2007) MR imaging of testicular torsion: features of testicular hemorrhagic necrosis and clinical outcomes. J Magn Reson Imaging 26:100–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Kato T, Kojima Y, Kamisawa H, Takeuchi M, Mizuno K, Sasaki S et al (2011) Findings of fat-suppressed T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of non-palpable testes. BJU Int 107:290–294

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kantarci M, Doganay S, Yalcin A, Aksoy Y, Yilmaz-Cankaya B, Salman B (2010) Diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted MRI in the detection of nonpalpable undescended testes: comparison with conventional MRI and surgical findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195:W268–W273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Karakas E, Karakas O, Cullu N et al (2014) Diffusion-weighted MRI of the testes in patients with varicocele: a preliminary study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 202:324–328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Johnson JO, Mattrey RF, Phillipson J (1990) Differentiation of seminomatous from nonseminomaous testicular tumours with MR imaging. AJR A m J Roentgenol 154:539–543

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Tsili AC, Tsampoulas C, Giannakopoulos X (2007) MRI in the histologic characterisation of testicular neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189:W331–W337

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Tsili AC, Sylakos A, Ntorkou A et al (2015) Apparent diffusion coefficient values and dynamic contrast enhancement patterns in differentiating seminomas from nonseminomatous testicular neoplasms. Eur J Radiol 84:1219–1226

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group*. “The Oxford Levels of Evidence 2”. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653

  72. Rocher L, Ramchandani P, Belfield J et al (2015) Incidentally detected non-palpable testicular tumours in adults at scrotal ultrasound: impact of radiological findings on management Radiologic review and recommendations of the ESUR scrotal imaging subcommittee. Eur Radiol. doi:10.1007/s00330-015-4059-7

    Google Scholar 

  73. Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, Bokemeyer C, Cohn-Cedermark G, Fizazi K, Horwich A, Laguna MP, Nicolai N, Oldenburg J. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on testicular cancer. Available at: http://www.uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/11 Testicular-Cancer_LR.pdf.

  74. Tsili AC, Argyropoulou MI, Giannakis D, Sofikitis N, Tsampoulas K (2012) Primary diffuse large B-cell testicular lymphoma: magnetic resonance imaging findings. Andrologia 44:845–847

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Bertolotto M, Boulay-Coletta I, Butini R, Dudea SM, Grenier N, Oltmanns G et al (2016) Imaging of mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis. Eur Radiol 26:631–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ap Dafydd D, Messiou C, Thway K, Strauss DC, Nicol DL, Moskovic E (2016) Paratesticular Sarcoma: Typical Presentation, Imaging Features and Clinical Challenges. Urology 14 [Epub ahead of print]

  77. Bertolotto M, Cantisani V, Valentino M, Pavlica P, Derchi LE (2016) Pitfalls in Imaging for Acute Scrotal Pathology. Semin Roentgenol 51:60–69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Tasian GE, Copp HL (2011) Diagnostic performance of ultrasound in nonpalpable cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics 127:119–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Miyano T, Kobayashi H, Shimomura H, Yamataka A, Tomita T (1991) Magnetic resonance imaging for localizing the nonpalpable undescended testis. J Pediatr Surg 26:607–609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Yeung CK, Tam YH, Chan YL, Lee KH, Metreweli C (1999) A new management algorithm for impalpable undescended testis with gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. J Urol 162:998–1002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Krishnaswami S, Fonnesbeck C, Penson D, McPheeters ML (2013) Magnetic resonance imaging for locating nonpalpable undescended testicles: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 131:e1908–e1916

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 45110, Ioannina, Greece

    Athina C. Tsili & Alexandra Ntorkou

  2. Uco di Radiologia Dell ‘Universita’ di Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, Trieste, Italy

    Michele Bertolotto

  3. Department of Radiology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, 06590, Ankara, Turkey

    Ahmet Tuncay Turgut

  4. Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 648, Rochester, NY, USA

    Vikram Dogra

  5. Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK

    Simon Freeman

  6. APHP, site Bicêtre, Ecole doctorale Biosigne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, ED 419, 78 Avenue du General Leclerc, 94270, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France

    Laurence Rocher

  7. Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK

    Jane Belfield

  8. Medical University of Gdansk, ul Debinki 7, Gdansk, Poland

    Michal Studniarek

  9. Universita di Genova, Largo R. Benzi, 8, Genova, Italy

    Lorenzo E. Derchi

  10. Radiology, UZ Herestraat 49, box 7003 54 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Raymond Oyen

  11. Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Parvati Ramchandani

  12. Department of Radiology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey

    Mustafa Secil

  13. Royal Sussex County Hospital Brighton and Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, Sussex, UK

    Jonathan Richenberg

Authors
  1. Athina C. Tsili
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michele Bertolotto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ahmet Tuncay Turgut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Vikram Dogra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Simon Freeman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Laurence Rocher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jane Belfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Michal Studniarek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Alexandra Ntorkou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Lorenzo E. Derchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Raymond Oyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Parvati Ramchandani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Mustafa Secil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Jonathan Richenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Athina C. Tsili.

Ethics declarations

Guarantor

The scientific guarantor of this publication is Dr. Athina C. Tsili.

Conflict of interest

The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

Funding

The authors state that this work has not received any funding.

Statistics and biometry

No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.

Informed consent

Written informed consent was not required for this study because no patients were included.

Ethical approval

Institutional Review Board approval was not required because this manuscript presents guidelines only and did not require the use of patient-sensitive data.

Methodology

Guidelines based on literature review and expert opinion.

Appendix 1: MRI findings of TGCNs

Appendix 1: MRI findings of TGCNs

Table 3

Table 3 MRI findings suggestive of testicular germ cell neoplasms
Full size table

Table 4

Table 4 MRI findings useful to differentiate seminomas from nonseminomatous germ cell neoplasms
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tsili, A.C., Bertolotto, M., Turgut, A.T. et al. MRI of the scrotum: Recommendations of the ESUR Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group. Eur Radiol 28, 31–43 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-4944-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-4944-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation