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Eastern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes filholi as biological samplers of juvenile and sub-adult cephalopods around Campbell Island, New Zealand

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Abstract

Early life-history stages of cephalopods are known to play an important role as prey in food webs of the Southern Ocean, but little information is available about their biology and availability to predators. Top predators, such as penguins, are known to feed regularly on coastal juvenile/sub-adult cephalopods. Using eastern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes filholi as coastal biological samplers, we examined in detail the cephalopod component of their diet in Campbell Island (New Zealand) during two consecutive breeding seasons in order to evaluate (1) the relative importance of cephalopods (by frequency of occurrence, by number and by mass) to the diet of both adult and chick penguins, (2) the habitat and trophic levels of the cephalopods in the region and (3) the status of the juvenile/sub-adult cephalopod community in the waters around Campbell Island. Our results show that eastern rockhopper penguins feed on eight species of juvenile and sub-adult cephalopods, with Onykia ingens, Martialia hyadesi and Octopus campbelli being the most important species by frequency of occurrence, number and mass. Differences between the diets of adult and chick penguins and between breeding seasons were found. Habitat (δ13C) and trophic level (δ15N) information also showed that all cephalopod species (and all studied stages) occupy similar habitat on the Campbell shelf, with M. hyadesi showing lower δ15N values than O. ingens and O. campbelli. This study indicates that eastern rockhopper penguins can be valuable biological samplers of local juvenile/sub-adult cephalopods (including poorly known cephalopod species) around Campbell Island when breeding, that these cephalopods were likely to be caught naturally (not from fisheries), providing relevant information for the conservation of these penguins.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Tiago Jesus for his attempt to obtain DNA from the samples. Bruno Boto for producing the photos of the beaks. Isabel Mendes of the Centre for Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Algarve (CIMA) for the usage of photographic equipment to take photos of the beaks. This work is an international effort under the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) associated programs, expert and action groups, namely SCAR AnT-ERA, SCAR EGBAMM and ICED. JX was supported by the Investigator FCT program (IF/00616/2013) and PROPOLAR, and FRC by a post-doc grant (SFRH/BPD/95372/2013) by the Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal) and the European Social Fund (POPH, EU). This study benefited from the strategic program of MARE, financed by FCT (MARE- UID/MAR/04292/2013).

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Author notes

  1. D. M. Cunningham

    Present address: , PO Box 3269, Richmond, 7050, New Zealand

  2. P. J. Moors

    Present address: , 9 Willis Street, Balwyn North, VIC, 3104, Australia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento das Ciências da Vida, MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Universidade de Coimbra, 3001-401, Coimbra, Portugal

    J. C. Xavier, F. R. Ceia, J. P. Queirós & B. Guimarães

  2. British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK

    J. C. Xavier

  3. Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France

    Y. Cherel

  4. MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal

    R. Rosa

  5. Department of Conservation, PO Box 10420, Wellington, New Zealand

    D. M. Cunningham & P. J. Moors

  6. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Hataitai, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand

    D. R. Thompson

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Xavier, J.C., Cherel, Y., Ceia, F.R. et al. Eastern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes filholi as biological samplers of juvenile and sub-adult cephalopods around Campbell Island, New Zealand. Polar Biol 41, 1937–1949 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-018-2333-2

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