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Biogeography of Cephalopods in the Southern Ocean Using Habitat Suitability Prediction Models

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Abstract

Our understanding of how environmental change in the Southern Ocean will affect marine diversity, habitats and distribution remain limited. The habitats and distributions of Southern Ocean cephalopods are generally poorly understood, and yet such knowledge is necessary for research and conservation management purposes, as well as for assessing the potential impacts of environmental change. We used net-catch data to develop habitat suitability models for 15 of the most common cephalopods in the Southern Ocean. Using modeled habitat suitability, we assessed favorable areas for each species and examined the relationships between species distribution and environmental parameters. The results compared favorably with the known ecology of these species and with spatial patterns from diet studies of squid predators. The individual habitat suitability models were overlaid to generate a “hotspot” index of species richness, which showed higher numbers of squid species associated with various fronts of the Antarctic circumpolar current. Finally, we reviewed the overall distribution of these species and their importance in the diet of Southern Ocean predators. There is a need for further studies to explore the potential impacts of future climate change on Southern Ocean squid.

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Acknowledgments

The work was supported by the British Antarctic Survey, under the research programs Long-Term Monitoring of Cephalopod Components in the diets of High Predators—CEPH (within the British Antarctic Survey Ecosystems Program), Australian Antarctic Division, and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Portugal (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; FCT) with the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research programs (SCAR) AnT-ERA and SCAR AntECO and Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics of the Southern Ocean (ICED). This study is part of the British Antarctic Survey Polar Science for Planet Earth (PSPE) Programme. An updated version of the NIWA OBIS data was provided by Kevin Mackay. JX is supported by the Investigator FCT program (IF/00616/2013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal

    José C. Xavier

  2. British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK

    José C. Xavier, Daniel C. Jones & Huw Griffiths

  3. Department of the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia

    Ben Raymond

  4. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

    Ben Raymond

  5. Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

    Ben Raymond

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  1. José C. Xavier
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Correspondence to José C. Xavier.

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Conceived of or designed study—JX, HG, BR. Performed research—JX, HG, BR. Analyzed data—JX, HG, DJ, BR Contributed new methods or models—BR. Wrote the paper—JX, HG, DJ, BR.

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Xavier, J.C., Raymond, B., Jones, D.C. et al. Biogeography of Cephalopods in the Southern Ocean Using Habitat Suitability Prediction Models. Ecosystems 19, 220–247 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9926-1

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