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Empirical and Mechanistic Modeling of Release Kinetics of Heavy Metals and Their Chemical Distribution in the Rhizosphere and Non-rhizosphere Soils Under Vegetable Cultivation

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Abstract

Biochemical processes in the rhizosphere affect the availability and distribution of heavy metals (HMs) in various forms. Rhizosphere soil (RS) and non-rhizosphere soil (NRS) samples were collected from 10 fields under tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) cultivation to investigate the release kinetics and distribution of HMs including cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in five fractions. The cumulative amounts of Cu and Fe released after 88 h were in the following ranges, respectively: 1.31–2.76 and 3.24–6.35 mg kg−1 in RS and 1.41–2.72 and 3.15–5.27 mg kg−1 in NRS. The parabolic diffusion and pseudo-second-order equations provided the best fit to the release kinetics data of Cu and Fe, respectively. The cation exchange model (CEM) based on Gaines–Thomas selectivity coefficients implemented in the PHREEQC program could well simulate the release of Cu and Fe suggesting that cation exchange was the dominant mechanism in the release of Fe and Cu from soils by 0.01 M CaCl2. Cadmium was predominantly found in fraction F2, while other HMs were mainly present in fraction F5. According to the risk assessment code, there was a very high risk for Cd, a medium risk for Co and Cu, a very low risk for Fe, and a low risk for Zn. Correlation analysis showed that soil physicochemical properties were effective in the distribution and transformation of HMs. Significant positive correlations between five fractions indicated that different forms of HMs can potentially transform into each other.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

    Rosa Fakhri & Mohsen Jalali

  2. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

    Faranak Ranjbar

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  1. Rosa Fakhri
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Correspondence to Mohsen Jalali.

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Fakhri, R., Jalali, M. & Ranjbar, F. Empirical and Mechanistic Modeling of Release Kinetics of Heavy Metals and Their Chemical Distribution in the Rhizosphere and Non-rhizosphere Soils Under Vegetable Cultivation. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 84, 466–483 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-023-00996-1

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