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Estimation of frequency and duration of ionospheric disturbances over Turkey with IONOLAB-FFT algorithm

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Abstract

One of the more common methods of observation of variability of the Earth’s ionosphere is based on total electron content (TEC) estimated from ground-based dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. Variations in solar, geomagnetic and seismic activity cause depletions or enhancements in the ionospheric electron concentrations that can be detected as disturbances. Some of these disturbances have wave-like characteristics, where frequency of oscillation can be used to identify and classify the disturbance. In this study, the frequency of such periodic disturbances is estimated using a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based method, namely IONOLAB-FFT, in the spectral domain. IONOLAB-FFT, which was initially developed to be used on slant TEC (STEC), is modified to be applied to TEC in the local zenith direction of the receiver. The algorithm is tested using literature data on disturbances generated by a geomagnetic activity, a solar flare, a medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID), a large-scale TID (LSTID) and an earthquake. An accordance with these known disturbances is observed in running IONOLAB-FFT, and the main frequencies and durations of the disturbances are estimated. IONOLAB-FFT method is applied to TEC computed from Turkish Permanent GPS Network (TNPGN-Active) which lies in mid-latitude region to detect the any wave-like oscillations, sudden disturbances and other irregularities during December, March, June and September months for 2010, 2011 and 2012 years. It is observed that a large number of the estimated frequencies are accumulated between 0.08 and 0.14 MHz corresponding to periods of 3.5 h to 2 h. The significant frequencies are grouped less than 0.28 MHz. A large number of the durations of the oscillations are between 425 and 550 min in 2010, 300 and 550 min in 2011 and 350 and 400 min in 2012. The longest duration (around 800 min: 13.33 h) is observed in December months, and the shortest duration (around 2 h) is observed in September months.

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All data sets used in this study are available from the references and relevant websites.

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Acknowledgements

This study is supported by TUBITAK 114E541, 115E915 and joint TUBITAK 114E092 and AS CR 14/001 projects. The GIM-TEC, Satellite DCB and ephemeris data that are used in computation of IONOLAB-TEC are obtained from IGS Analysis Center of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) at ftp://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/gps/products/ionex. TNPGN-Active RINEX data set is made available to IONOLAB group for TUBITAK 109E055 project. This data set can be accessed by the permission from TUBITAK and General Command of Mapping of Turkish Army at https://www.hgk.msb.gov.tr/. The SSN data, Kp and Ap indices are obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce at ftp://ftp.swpc.noaa.gov/pub/indices/old_indices/. Earthquake information is obtained from https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes. AE and Dst indices are obtained from https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/. The TEC storm catalogs are obtained from Ionospheric Weather website of IZMIRAN at https://www.izmiran.ru/ionosphere/weather/storm/. The author is grateful to anonymous reviewers for their comments and contributions, which have been very helpful and constructive for the authors in improving the paper. Finally, the author wishes to thank Prof. Dr. Feza Arikan and IONOLAB group for their outstanding efforts on IONOLAB-BIAS and IONOLAB-TEC Algorithm.

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  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

    Secil Karatay

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Karatay, S. Estimation of frequency and duration of ionospheric disturbances over Turkey with IONOLAB-FFT algorithm. J Geod 94, 89 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-020-01416-1

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