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Spatio-temporal Sediment Quality Risk Assessment by Using Ecological and Statistical Indicators: A Review of the Upper Sakarya River, Türkiye

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Abstract

In this study, heavy metal accumulation levels (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, As) in biotic [Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782), Squalius pursakensis (Hankó 1925)] and abiotic (sediments) components in a significant freshwater ecosystem in Türkiye were investigated on the basis of seasonal variations using geographic information systems (GIS) and some ecotoxicological risk assessment indices [PLI (pollution load index), PERI (potential ecological risk index), Igeo (geo accumulation index), CF (contamination factor) and BRI (Biological Risk Index)]. GIS–based maps were utilized to depict the distribution of ecotoxicological risk assessment indices to provide a visual explanation by using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) as an estimation method. Samples were collected seasonally from 12 stations selected on the Upper Sakarya River Basin, which is one of the longest fluvial ecosystems in Türkiye. As a result of applied indices, cadmium was found as the most hazardous heavy metal in terms of PERI and CF, nickel was found as the most hazardous heavy metal in terms of BRI and arsenic was found as the most hazardous heavy metal in terms of Igeo. As a result of applied PCI, 2 statistically significant factors explained 81.31% of the total variance. It was also determined that levels of almost all the investigated heavy metals (except Zn) in muscle tissues of fishes were under the permissible limits of Turkish legislation and the FAO.

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Acknowledgements

This investigation has been supported by the project numbered as 1802F031 accepted by Eskisehir Technical University, Commission of Scientific Research Projects.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Eskişehir Vocational School Environmental Protection and Control Program, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey

    Esengül Köse

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey

    Arzu Çiçek

  3. Vocational School of Health Services, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey

    Sadi Aksu

  4. İpsala Vocational School, Laboratory Technology Program, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey

    Cem Tokatli

  5. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey

    Özgür Emiroğlu

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  1. Esengül Köse
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Correspondence to Esengül Köse.

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Köse, E., Çiçek, A., Aksu, S. et al. Spatio-temporal Sediment Quality Risk Assessment by Using Ecological and Statistical Indicators: A Review of the Upper Sakarya River, Türkiye. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 111, 38 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-023-03781-x

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