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Trace metal and sulfur cycling in a hydrothermally active arc volcano: deep-sea drilling of the Brothers volcano, Kermadec arc, New Zealand

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Abstract

Brothers volcano, located on the Kermadec arc north of New Zealand, hosts two geochemically distinct hydrothermal systems. The NW Caldera and Upper Cone hydrothermal fields exhibit distinct fluid compositions that are significantly influenced by seawater and magmatic volatiles, respectively. In this study, we present trace metal chemistry and sulfur isotope compositions of pyrite within hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks recovered from drill cores at depths of up to 429 m below the seafloor collected during the International Ocean Discovery Program’s Expedition 376. Magmatic volatile-influenced alteration resulting in pyrophyllite ± natroalunite assemblages occurs at the Upper Cone and at the NW Caldera below 189 m. At the NW Caldera, a later seawater-derived hydrothermal fluid overprints magmatic volatile alteration forming chlorite-rich alteration. Pyrite at the Upper Cone is fine-grained, euhedral and enriched in Cu, As, Sb, Pb and Pt and has an average δ34S composition of − 5.5 ± 2.9‰ (1σ, n = 32). In contrast, pyrite associated with pyrophyllite-rich alteration at the older NW Caldera site is coarse-grained, subhedral and has higher Co, Se, Te, and Bi contents but a comparable average δ34S value of -4.8 ± 5.5‰ (1σ, n = 26). The difference in trace metal content between pyrite from pyrophyllite ± natroalunite assemblages at the NW Caldera and Upper Cone site indicates a change in the trace metal enrichment signature of pyrite with the age of the hydrothermal system. Pyrite from chlorite-rich alteration (NW Caldera) is depleted in Cu, Te and Bi relative to all magmatic volatile-influenced pyrite but has a similar average δ34S composition of − 4.6 ± 3.5‰ (1σ, n = 20). The similarity in trace metal enrichment signature and average δ34S composition of pyrite, regardless of associated alteration mineral assemblage shows that the initial magmatic volatile trace metal signature and sulfur isotope composition of pyrite is preserved during fluid overprinting. The lower content of Cu, Te, and Bi in pyrite from chlorite-rich alteration confirms the importance of seawater-derived hydrothermal fluids in metal mobilization and consequent formation of hydrothermal precipitates at the seafloor.

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Acknowledgements

This research used samples and data provided by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). We thank the captain, crew, and technical staff aboard the D/V JOIDES Resolution during Expedition 376 “Brothers Arc Flux”, May–July 5th, 2018. AJM acknowledges the support of the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling during his participation on Expedition 376. We thank S. Tombros and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable feedback and associate editor D. Zhai and editor-in-chief G. Beaudoin for the editorial handling of this manuscript.

Funding

Post-cruise research was funded by the Natural Environmental Research Council grant NE/S006214/1 awarded to CJM and AJM at Cardiff University. JWJ is supported by the Canada Research Chair program. CdR acknowledges funding from the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment of the New Zealand Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada

    Andrew J. Martin, John W. Jamieson & Graham D. Layne

  2. Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA

    Andrew J. Martin

  3. GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand

    Cornel E. J. de Ronde

  4. Department of Geology & Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Falmouth, MA, 02543, USA

    Susan E. Humphris

  5. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

    Iain McDonald & Christopher J. MacLeod

  6. MAF-IIC SIMS Facility, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada

    Glenn Piercey

Authors
  1. Andrew J. Martin
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  2. John W. Jamieson
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  3. Cornel E. J. de Ronde
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  4. Susan E. Humphris
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  5. Iain McDonald
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  6. Graham D. Layne
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  7. Glenn Piercey
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  8. Christopher J. MacLeod
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Contributions

AJM was responsible for the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by AJM, GP, and IMD. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AJM, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew J. Martin.

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Editorial handling: D. Zhai.

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Martin, A.J., Jamieson, J.W., de Ronde, C.E.J. et al. Trace metal and sulfur cycling in a hydrothermally active arc volcano: deep-sea drilling of the Brothers volcano, Kermadec arc, New Zealand. Miner Deposita 58, 403–425 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01135-x

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