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Biotite composition as a tracer of fluid evolution and mineralization center: a case study at the Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Tibet

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Abstract

Porphyry Cu-Mo deposits are magmatic-hydrothermal deposits in which sulfide and oxide minerals precipitate from aqueous solutions. However, many questions remain about the composition and evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids responsible for mineralization. In response to this knowledge gap at the Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Tibet, we present a comprehensive major and trace element dataset for biotite (including halogens) from Qulong to elucidate magmatic-hydrothermal fluid compositions and fluid evolution. Based on genesis and occurrence, biotite is divided into primary (igneous), re-equilibrated (igneous modified by hydrothermal fluids), and secondary (hydrothermal) types. All studied biotite grains are Mg-rich, and XMg values (0.59–0.90) increased during fluid evolution, perhaps controlled by high oxygen fugacity (fO2) and sulfur fugacity (fS2) in the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The IV(F) and IV(Cl) values and halogen fugacity of biotite indicate that Cl-rich fluids were dominant during early magmatic-hydrothermal evolution, while later fluids were enriched in F. This is consistent with early Cu and late Mo enrichment in the Qulong deposit. We propose a fluid evolution model based on in situ major and trace element data and cross-cutting relationships between the intrusions and the veins. Iron, Ti, Co, Ni, Zn, and Cl contents decreased, while Mg, Si, Al, Sn, Ge, and F contents increased during the evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid. Importantly, the increase in Fe, Ti, Co, Zn, and Cl and decrease in Mg, Ge, and F contents in hydrothermal biotite as the core of the deposit is approached (extending to ~ 2.5 km depth) may prove to be an important indicator of high-grade mineralized zones. Finally, this study shows that systematic spatial variations in hydrothermal biotite chemistry can potentially be used as a prospecting tool for porphyry deposits worldwide.

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Acknowledgements

We are extremely grateful to Mr. Daixiang Xia and the members of the Tibet Julong Copper Co. Ltd., for providing access to the mine, drill core samples, and valuable insights into the geological evolution of the Qulong deposit. We would like to extend our gratitude to Prof. Fangyue Wang for LA-ICP-MS analysis. We thank the Editor-in-Chief, Bernd Lehmann; Associate Editor, Celestine Mercer; and two reviewers, Constantinos Mavrogonatos and Parinesa Moshefti for their constructive comments and excellent suggestions that assisted in improving this manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 41972089, 41872086, and 41972083) and the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC0600308).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Kelong Yu, Guangming Li, Junxing Zhao, Xinyu Zou & Kezhang Qin

  2. Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Kelong Yu, Guangming Li, Junxing Zhao, Xinyu Zou & Kezhang Qin

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Kelong Yu, Guangming Li, Xinyu Zou & Kezhang Qin

  4. School of Earth and Planetary Sciences/John de Laeter Center, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6945, Australia

    Noreen J. Evans

  5. State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Jinxiang Li

  6. Tibet Julong Copper Industry Co. Ltd., Lhasa, 850000, China

    Guangwu Jiang

  7. Tianjin Geological Research Center, Geological Survey of China, Tianjin, 300170, China

    Hu Guo

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  1. Kelong Yu
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Correspondence to Guangming Li.

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Editorial handling: C. N. Mercer

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Yu, K., Li, G., Zhao, J. et al. Biotite composition as a tracer of fluid evolution and mineralization center: a case study at the Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Tibet. Miner Deposita 57, 1047–1069 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01085-w

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