Abstract
The skin is the interface between the organism and the external environment, acting as its first barrier. Thus, this organ is constantly challenged by physical stimuli such as UV and infrared radiation, visible light, and temperature as well as chemicals and pathogens. To counteract the deleterious effects of the above-mentioned stimuli, the skin has complex defense mechanisms such as: immune and neuroendocrine systems; shedding of epidermal squamous layers and apoptosis of damaged cells; DNA repair; and pigmentary system. Here we have reviewed the current knowledge regarding which stimuli affect the molecular clock of the skin, the consequences to skin-related biological processes and, based on such knowledge, we suggest some therapeutic targets. We also explored the recent advances regarding the molecular clock disruption in melanoma, its impact on the carcinogenic process, and its therapeutic value in melanoma treatment.
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References
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Funding
This work was partially supported by the Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, Grants 2018/14728-0 and 2012/50214-4), by the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq, Grants 301293/2011-2 (AMLC), 303070/2015-3 and 428754/2018-0 (MNM)) and by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). LVMA is a fellow of FAPESP (2018/16511-8 and 2013/24337-4) and MNM was a fellow of FAPESP (2014/16412-9).
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LVMA designed the manuscript’s outline and content, reviewed the current literature, and drafted the first version of the manuscript. MNM and AMLC critically revised the manuscript and provided substantial contribution and improvements to the manuscript. All authors have approved the definitive version of the manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the study in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the study are appropriately investigated and resolved. Each person designated as authors qualify for authorship, and all those who qualify for authorship are listed.
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de Assis, L.V.M., Moraes, M.N. & Castrucci, A.M.L. The molecular clock in the skin, its functionality, and how it is disrupted in cutaneous melanoma: a new pharmacological target?. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 76, 3801–3826 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03183-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03183-5