Abstract
The inner surface of a blood vessel is composed of a monolayer of vascular endothelial cells which serves as the interface with flowing blood. Once thought to be simply a passive, non-thrombogenic barrier, the vascular endothelium is now recognized as being a dynamic participant in the biology of a blood vessel (Kaiser and Sparks 1987). Part of its dynamic character is due to the regulation of the biology of the endothelium by the mechanical environment associated with the hemodynamics of the vascular system.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ando, J.; Komatsuda, T.; Kamiya, A. Cytoplasmic calcium responses to fluid shear stress in cultured vascular endothelial cells. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 24:871–877, 1988.
Asakura, T.; Karino, T. Flow patterns and spatial distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in human coronary arteries. Circ. Res. 66:1043–1066, 1990.
Berk, B.C.; Girard, P.R.; Mitsumata, M.; Alexander, R.W.; Nerem, R.M.; Shear stress alters the genetic growth program of cultured endothelial cells. Proc. World Congress Biomechs., Vol. H, 315, 1990 (Abstract).
Bhagyalakshmi, A.; Berthiaume, F.; Reich, K.M.; Frangos, J.A. Fluid shear stress stimulates membrane phospholipid metabolism in cultured human endothelial cells. J. Vasc. Res. 29:443–449, 1992.
Birukov, K.G.; Shirinsky, V.P.; Stepanova, O.V.; Tkachuk, V.A.; Resink, T.J. Cyclic stretch contributes to smooth muscle cell differentiation in culture. Ann. Biomed. Engr. 21 (Supp. 1):29, 1993 (Abstract).
Caro, C.G.; Fitz-Gerald, J.M.; Schroter, R.C. Atheroma and arterial wall shear. Observation, correlation and proposal of a shear-dependent mass transfer mechanism for atherogenesis. Proc. Roy. Soc, London, B 177:109–159, 1971.
Dartsch, P.C.; Betz, E. Response of cultured endothelial cells to mechanical stimulation. Basic Res. Cardiol. 84:268–281, 1989.
Davies, P.F.; Dewey, C.F. Jr.; Bussolari, S.R.; Gordon, E.J.; Gimbrone, M.A. Jr. Influence of hemodynamic forces on vascular endothelial function. In vitro studies of shear stress and pinocytosis in bovine aortic endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 73:1121–1129, 1983.
Davies, P.F.; Remuzzi, A.; Gordon, E.J.; Dewey, C.F. Jr.; Gimbrone, M.A. Jr. Turbulent shear stress induces vascular endothelial cell turnover in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:2114–2117, 1986.
Dewey, C.F.; Bussolari, S.R.; Gimbrone, M.A. Jr.; Davies, P.F. The dynamic response of vascular endothelial cells to fluid shear stress. ASME J. Biomech. Engr. 103:177–181, 1981.
Diamond, S.L.; Eskin, S.G.; McIntire, L.V. Fluid flow stimulates tissue plasminogen activator secretion by cultured human endothelial cells. Science 243:1483–1485, 1989.
Diamond, S.L.; Sharefkin, J.B.; Dieffenbach, C.; Frazier-Scott, K.; Mclntire, L.V.; Eskin, S.G. Tissue plasminogen activator messenger RNA levels increase in cultured human endothelial cells exposed to laminar shear stress. J. Cell Physiol. 143:364–371, 1990.
Dull, R.O.; Davies, P.F. Flow modulation of agonist (ATP)-response (Ca++) coupling in vascular endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 261:H149–154, 1991.
Eskin, S.G.; Ives, C.L.; McIntire, L.V.; Navarro, L.T. Response of cultured endothelial cells to steady flow. Microvasc. Res. 28:87–94, 1984.
Flaherty, J.R.; Pierce, J.R.; Ferrans, V.J.; Patel, DJ.; Tucker, W.K.; Fry, D.L. Endothelial nuclear patterns in the canine arterial tree with particular reference to hemodynamic events. Circ. Res. 30:23–33, 1972.
Frangos, J.A.; Eskin, S.G.; McIntire, L.V.; Ives, C.L. Flow effects on prostacyclin production by cultured human endothelial cells. Science 227:1477–1479, 1985.
Friedman, M.H.; Hutchins, G.M.; Bargeron, C.B.; Deters, O.J.; Mark, F.F. Correlation between intimai thickness and fluid shear in human arteries. Atherosclerosis 39:425–436, 1981.
Friedman, M.H.; Peters, O.J.; Bargeron, C.B.; Hutchins, G.M.; Mark, F.F. Shear-dependent thickening of the human arterial intima. Atherosclerosis 60:161–171, 1986.
Fung, Y.C.; Lin, S.Q. Elementary mechanics of the endothelium of blood vessels. ASME J. Biomech. Engr. 115:1–12, 1993.
Geiger, R.V.; Berk, B.C.; Alexander, R.W.; Nerem, R.M. Flow-induced calcium transients on single endothelial cells: spatial and temporal analysis. Am. J. Physiol.: Cell Physiol. 262: C1411–1417, 1992.
Girard, P.R.; Nerem, R.M. Endothelial cell signaling and cytoskeletal changes in response to shear stress. Frontiers Med. Biol. Eng. 5:31–36, 1993.
Girard, P.R.; Helmlinger, G.; Nerem, R.M. Shear stress effects on the morphology and cytomatrix of cultured vascular endothelial cells. In: Physical Forces and the Mammalian Cell. J.A. Frangos (Ed.). Academic Press, NY, pp. 193–222, 1993.
Gorfien, S.F.; Winston, S.K.; Thibault, L.E.; Macarak, E.J. Effects of biaxial deformation on pulmonary artery endothelial cells. J. Cell Physiology 139:492–500, 1989.
Grabowski, E.F.; Jaffe, E.A.; Weksler, B.B. Prostacyclin production by cultured human endothelial cells exposed to step increases in shear stress. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 105:36–43, 1985.
Grottum, P.; Svindland, A.; Walloe, L. Localization of atherosclerotic lesions in the bifurcation of the left main coronary artery. Atherosclerosis, 47:55–62, 1983.
Helmlinger, G.; Geiger, R.V.; Schreck, S.; Nerem, R.M. Effects of pulsatile flow on cultured vascular endothelial cell morphology. ASME J. Biomech. Engr. 113:123–131, 1991.
Helmlinger, G.; Nerem, R.M. The intracellular free calcium response in endothelial cells subjected to steady and pulsatile laminar flow. Ann. Biomed. Engr. 21 (Supp. 1):39, 1993 (Abstract).
Hsieh, H.J.; Li, N.Q.; Frangos, J.A. Shear stress increases endothelial platelet-derived growth factor messenger RNA levels. Am. J. Physiol. 260 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 29):H642–646, 1991.
Kaiser, L.; Sparks, H.V. Endothelial cells: not just a cellophane wrapper. Arch. Intern. Med. 147:569–573, 1987.
Kamiya, A.; Togawa, T. Adaptive regulation of wall shear stress to flow and change in the canine carotid artery. Am. J. Physiol. 239:H14–21, 1980.
Kim, D.W.; Gotlieb, A.I.; Langille, B.L. In vivo modulation of endothelial Factin microfilaments by experimental alterations in shear stress. Arteriosclerosis 9:439–445, 1989.
Ku, D.N.; Giddens, D.P.; Zarins, C.K.; Glagov, S. Pulsatile flow and atherosclerosis in the human carotid bifurcation. Arteriosclerosis 5:293–302, 1985.
Langille, B.L.; O’Donnell, F. Reductions in arterial diameter produced by chronic decreases in blood flow are endothelium-dependent. Science 231:405–407, 1986.
Lansman, J.B.; Hallam, T.J.; Rink, T.J. Single stretch-activated ion channels in vascular endothelial cells as mechanotransducers? Nature 325:811–813, 1987.
Levesque, M.J.; Liepsch, D.; Moravec, S.; Nerem, R.M. Correlation of endothelial cell shape and wall shear stress in a stenosed dog aorta. Arteriosclerosis 6:220–229, 1986.
Levesque, M.J.; Nerem, R.M. The elongation and orientation of cultured endothelial cells in response to shear stress. ASME J. Biomech. Engr. 107:341–347, 1985.
Levesque, M.J.; Sprague, E.A.; Nerem, R.M. Vascular endothelial cell proliferation in culture and the influence of flow. Biomaterials 11:702–707, 1990.
Meyer, T.; Stryer, L. Molecular model for receptor-stimulated calcium spiking. Proc. Nat. Aca. Sci. USA, 85:5051–5055, 1988.
Mitsumata, M.; Fishel, R.S.; Nerem, R.M.; Alexander, R.W.; Berk, B.C. Fluid shear stress stimulates platelet-derived growth factor expression in endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiology 265:H3–8, 1993.
Mitsumata, M.; Nerem, R.M.; Alexander, R.W.; Berk, B.C. Shear stress inhibits endothelial cell proliferation by growth arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. FASEB J. 5(4):A527 (Abstract), 1991.
Mo, M.; Eskin, S.G.; Schilling, W.P. Flow-induced changes in Ca2+ signaling of vascular endothelial cells: effect of shear stress and ATP. Am. J. Physiol. 260:H1698–1707, 1991.
Nerem, R.M. Vascular fluid mechanics, the arterial wall, and atherosclerosis. ASME J. Biomech. Engr. 114:274–282, 1992.
Nerem, R.M.; Levesque, M.J.; Cornhill, J.F. Vascular endothelial morphology as an indicator of blood flow. ASME J. Biomech. Engr. 103:172–176, 1981.
Nishida, K.; Harrison, D.G.; Navas, J.P.; Fisher, A.A.; Dockery, S.P.; Uematsu, M.; Nerem, R.M.; Alexander, R.W.; Murphy, T.J. Molecular cloning and characterization of the constitutive bovine aortic endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase. J. Clinical Invest. 90:2092–2096, 1992.
Nollert, M.U.; Eskin, S.G.; McIntire, L.V. Shear stress increases inositol trisphosphate levels in human endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Commun. 170:281–287, 1990.
Nollert, M.V.; Mclntire, L.V. Convective mass transfer effects on the intracellular calcium response of endothelial cells. ASME J. Biomech. Engr. 114:321–326, 1992.
Ohtsuka, A.; Ando, J.; Korenaga, R.; Kamiya, A.; Toyama-Sorimachi, N.; Miyasaka, M. The effect of flow on the expression of vascular adhesion molecule-1 by cultured mouse endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 193:303–310, 1993.
Olesen, S.P.; Clapham, D.E.; Davies, P.F. Haemodynamic shear stress activates a K+ current in vascular endothelial cells. Nature 331:168–170, 1988.
Prasad, A.R.S.; Logan, S.A.; Nerem, R.M.; Schwartz, C.J.; Sprague, E.A. Flow-related responses of intracellular inosital phosphate levels in cultured aortic endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 72/4:827–836, 1993.
Resnick, N., Dewey, C.F.; Atkinson, B.; Collins, T.; Gimbrone, M.A. Jr. Platelet-derived growth factor B chain promoter contains a cis-acting fluid shear stress responsive element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4591–4595, 1993.
Sato, M.; Levesque, M.J.; Nerem, R.M. Micropipette aspiration of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to shear stress. Arteriosclerosis 7:276–286, 1987.
Sato, M.; Theret, D.P.; Wheeler, L.T.; Ohshima, N.; Nerem, R.M. Application of the micropipette technique to the measurement of cultured porcine aortic endothelial cell viscoelastic properties. ASME J. Biomech. Eng. 112:263–268, 1990.
Schwarz, G.; Droogmans, G.; Nilius, B. Shear stress induced membrane currents and calcium transients in human vascular endothelial cells. Pflügers Arch. 421:394–396, 1992.
Sharefkin, J.B.; Diamond, S.L.; Eskin, S.G.; McIntire, L.V.; Dieffenbach, C.W. Fluid flow decreases preproendothelin mRNA levels and suppresses endothelin-1 peptide release in cultured human endothelial cells. J. Vasc. Surg. 14:1–9, 1991.
Shen, J.; Luscinskas, F.W.; Connolly, A.; Dewey, C.F. Jr., Gimbrone, M.A. Jr. Fluid shear stress modulates cytosolic free calcium in vascular endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Cell Physiol. 31): C384–390, 1992.
Shen, J.; Gimbrone, M.A. Jr.; Luscinskas, F.W.; Dewey, C.F. Jr. Regulation of adenine nucleotide concentration at endothelium-fluid interface by viscous shear flow. Biophys. J. 64:1323–1330, 1993.
Shirinsky, V.P.; Antonov, A.S.; Birukov, K.G.; Sobolevsky, A.V.; Romanov, Y.A.; Kabaeva, N.V.; Anonova, G.N.; Smirnov, V.N. Mechano-chemical control of human endothelium orientation and size. J. Cell Biol. 109:331–339, 1989.
Silkworth, J.B.; Stehbens, W.E. The shape of endothelial cells in en face preparations of rabbit blood vessels. Angiology 26:474–487, 1975.
Sprague, E.A.; Cayatte, A.J.; Nerem, R.M.; Schwartz, C.J. Cultured endothelial cells conditioned to prolonged low shear stress exhibit enhanced monocyte adherence and expression of related genes, MCP-1 and VCAM-1. In: Proceedings of the Cardiovascular Science and Technology Conference. LH Edmunds, Jr. (ed)., Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Washington, D.C. 100, 1992.
Sprague, E.A.; Steinbach, B.L.; Nerem, R.M.; Schwartz, C.J. Influence of a laminar steady-state fluid-imposed wall shear stress on the binding, internalization, and degradation of low density lipoproteins by cultured arterial endothelium. Circulation 76:648–656, 1987.
Sumpio, B.E.; Banes, A.J. Prostacyclin synthetic activity in cultured aortic endothelial cells undergoing cyclic stretch. Surgery 104:383–389, 1988.
Sumpio, B.E.; Banes, A.J.; Levin, L.G.; Johnson, G. Jr. Mechanical stress stimulates aortic endothelial cells to proliferate. J. Vasc. Surg. 6:252–256, 1987.
Sumpio, B.E.; Banes, A.J.; Levin, L.G.; Johnson, G. Jr. Alternations in aortic endothelial cell morphology and cytoskeleton protein synthesis during cyclic tensional deformation. J. Vasc. Surg. 7:130–138, 1988.
Theret, D.P.; Levesque, M.J.; Sato, M.; Nerem, R.M.; Wheeler, L.T. The application of a homogeneous half-space model in the analysis of endothelial cell micropipette measurement. ASME J. Biomech. Eng. 110:190–199, 1988.
Thoumine, O.; Girard, P.R.; Nerem, R.M. The effects of shear stress on the extracellular matrix of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. J. Cell. Biochem. (Supplement) 17E:157, 1993 (Abstract).
Watson, P.A. Function follows form: generation of intracellular signals by cell deformation. FASEB J. 5:2013–2019, 1991.
Wechezak, A.R.; Viggers, R.F.; Sauvage, L.R. Fibronectin and F-actin redistribution in cultured endothelial cells exposed to shear stress. Lab. Invest. 53:639–647, 1985.
White, G.E.; Fujiwara, K.; Shelton, E.J.; Dewey, C.F. Jr.; Gimbrone, M.A. Jr. Fluid shear stress influences cell shape and cytoskeletal organization in cultured vascular endothelium. Fed. Proc. 41:321 (Abstract), 1982.
White, G.E.; Gimbrone, M.A. Jr.; Fujiwara, K. Factors influencing the expression of stress fibers in vascular endothelial cells in situ. J. Cell Biol. 97:416–424, 1983.
Wiesner, T.F.; Helmlinger, G.; Nerem, R.M. A model of thrombin-mediated cytosolic calcium mobilization in HUVECs responding to flow. Ann. Biomed. Engr. 21 (Supp. 1):38, 1993 (Abstract).
Winston, F.K.; Thibault, L.E.; Macarak, E.J. An analysis of the time-dependent changes in intracellular calcium concentration in endothelial cells in culture induced by mechanical stimulation. ASME J. Biomech. Engr. 115:160–168, 1993.
Zarins, C.K.; Zarina, M.A.; Ku, D.N.; Glagov, S.; Giddens, D.P. Shear stress regulation of artery lumen diameter in experimental atherogenesis. J. Vasc. Surg. 5:413–420, 1987.
Ziegler, T.; Nerem, R.M. The effect of flow on the process of endothelial cell division. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis (in press).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nerem, R.M., Girard, P.R., Helmlinger, G., Thoumine, O., Wiesner, T.F., Ziegler, T. (1994). The Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Biology by Frow. In: Mow, V.C., Tran-Son-Tay, R., Guilak, F., Hochmuth, R.M. (eds) Cell Mechanics and Cellular Engineering. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8425-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8425-0_5
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-8427-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-8425-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive