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Morphometric distinction between bilobate phytoliths from Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica leaves

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An Erratum to this article was published on 25 July 2015

Abstract

The development of identification criteria for crop plants based on phytoliths is of high relevance for archaeology, palaeoecology and plant systematics. While identification criteria are available for major food crops, these are mostly based on phytoliths from inflorescences, while other plant parts remain undetected. This paper focuses on bilobate phytoliths from leaves of Panicum miliaceum L. (common millet) and Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (foxtail millet), two taxa that co-occur in regions of Asia and Europe since prehistory and regularly occur at archaeological sites in Eurasia. Leaves of the investigated taxa were systematically sampled to explore the variation of short cells and to collect 27 morphometric variables of bilobate phytoliths with newly developed open-source software. The data was analysed by discriminant analysis, analysis of variance and multiple comparison tests. The resulting morphometric data from five populations per species enables a distinction between the bilobate phytoliths of P. miliaceum and S. italica. Observed differences between populations within species affect only few parameters. This possibility to classify populations of bilobate phytoliths from P. miliaceum and S. italica leaves offers a new method for the detection and identification of these taxa in archaeology, amongst others.

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Acknowledgments

This study was partially supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship [PHYTORES, 273610, 2011–2013]. We heartily thank M. Hasler (Kiel University) for advice on the statistical analysis, the National Plant Germplasm System of the United States Department of Agriculture for providing the seeds, N. Ibáñes, N. Abellán, and M. Veny, A. Susanna, J.M. Montserrat (Botanical Institute of Barcelona and Barcelona Botanic Garden) for growing plant populations and making herbarium material available, M.K. Jones (University of Cambridge), D.Q. Fuller (University College London), L. Duistermaat and G. Thijsse (Naturalis Biodiversity Centre) for providing plant material, X. Liu (University of Cambridge) for information on a Panicum population, A. Wossink (University of Chicago) and E. van Hees (Leiden University) for providing literature, I. Reese for figure editing, E. Küçükkaraca for text editing and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

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  1. Graduate School ‘Human Development in Landscapes’/Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Johanna-Mestorf-Strasse 2-6, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    Welmoed A. Out

  2. CaSEs Research Group, ICREA—Department of Humanities, University Pompeu Fabra and IMF-CSIC, C/Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain

    Marco Madella

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Correspondence to Welmoed A. Out.

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Supplementary Information Fig. 1

Panicum miliaceum, measured masks of one sample from population 5 (GPR/IMF: Korea). Scale: mean Feret of the shown phytoliths = 54.33 μm (GIF 120 kb)

High resolution image (EPS 1306 kb)

Supplementary Information Fig. 2

Setaria italica, measured masks of one sample from population 8 (National Herbarium of the Netherlands). Scale: mean Feret of the shown phytoliths = 73.51 μm (GIF 127 kb)

High resolution image (EPS 1316 kb)

Supplementary Information Table 1

Panicum miliaceum, descriptive statistics for morphometric variables of the bilobate phytoliths per population. See Table 2 for the units of measurement. The population numbers correspond with Table 1 (XLS 31 kb)

Supplementary Information Table 2

Setaria italica, descriptive statistics for morphometric variables of the bilobate phytoliths per population. See Table 2 for the units of measurement. The population numbers correspond with Table 1 (XLS 30 kb)

Supplementary Information Table 3

Morphometric data of P. miliaceum and S. italica. See Table 2 for the unit of measurement (XLS 1173 kb)

Supplementary Information Table 4

Output of the multiple contrast tests comparing the mean values of the various populations per taxon. Pop = population. The population numbers 1–5 of S. italica correspond with the numbers 6–10 in Table 1 (same order). Significance codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 (XLS 71 kb)

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Out, W.A., Madella, M. Morphometric distinction between bilobate phytoliths from Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica leaves. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 8, 505–521 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-015-0235-6

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