Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nuclear Isomers

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Nuclear Physics

  • 132 Accesses

Abstract

Isomers are metastable nuclear excitations with long half-lives, ranging from nanoseconds to years. In general, an isomer’s decay is inhibited by at least one of three physical constraints: spin isomers involve a large change in the magnitude of the angular momentum, often combined with low transition energy; K isomers require a large change in the direction of the angular momentum; and shape isomers arise due to a significant change in the shape of the nucleus. The long half-lives of isomers open up a variety of experimental techniques for studying their properties, which themselves give key information about the nuclear structure. Isomers can also be valuable in providing increased sensitivity for the investigation of exotic nuclei, far from the valley of β-stability. Furthermore, by virtue of their electromagnetic decay, isomers have applications that may differ from those of nuclear ground states, including critical roles in nuclear astrophysics and, more generally, physics at the atomic/nuclear interface. All these topics are discussed in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 1,699.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,699.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • G. Alaga, K. Alder, A. Bohr, B.R. Mottelson, Mat. Phys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 29, 9 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Almaraz-Calderon, K.E. Rehm, N. Gerken, M.L. Avila, B.P. Kay, R. Talwar, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 072701 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • S.A.S. Andrés, C. Hornung, J. Ebert, W.R. Plass, T. Dickel, H. Geissel, et al., Phys. Rev. C 99, 064313 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Azaiez, A. Bracco, J. Dobeš, A. Jokinen, G.-E. Körner, A. Maj, et al. (Eds), Nuclear Physics for Medicine 2014 Report from the Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee, www.esf.org/fileadmin/Public_documents/Publications/Nuclear_Physics_in_Medicine.pdf

  • B. Bastin, S. Grevy, D. Sohler, O. Sorlin, Z. Dombrádi, N.L. Achouri, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 022503 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Beeks, T. Sikorsky, T. Schumm, J. Thielking, M.V. Okhapkin, E. Peik, Nat. Rev. Phys. 3, 238 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Belic, C. Arlandini, J. Besserer, J. de Boer, J.J. Carroll, J. Enders, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5242 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • S.T. Belyaev, Mat. Phys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 31, 11 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Bjørnholm, J.E. Lynn, Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 725 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Blazhev, M. Górska, H. Grawe, J. Nyberg, M. Palacz, E. Caurier, et al., Phys. Rev. C 69, 064304 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Block, C. Bachelet, G. Bollen, M. Facina, C.M. Folden, C. Guénaut, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 132501 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Boutachkov, M. Górska, H. Grawe, A. Blazhev, N. Braun, T.S. Brock, et al., Phys. Rev. C 84, 044311 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Bracco, G. Duchêne, Z. Podolyák, P. Reiter, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 121, 103887 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Broda, R.V.F. Janssens, L.W. Iskra, J. Wrzesinski, B. Fornal, M.P. Carpenter, et al., Phys. Rev. C 95, 064308 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Browne, A.M. Bruce, T. Sumikama, I. Nishizuka, P. Doorenbal, G. Lorusso, et al., Phys. Rev. C 96, 024309 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Campbell, A.G. Radnaev, A. Kuzmich, V.A. Dzuba, V.V. Flambaum, A. Derevianko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 120802 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Campbell, I.D. Moore, M.R. Pearson, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 86, 127 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Carroll, S.A. Karamian, R. Propri, D. Gohlke, N. Caldwell, P. Ugorowski, et al., Phys. Lett. B 679, 203 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Carroll, Z. Podolyák, T. Berry, H. Grawe, T. Alexander, A.N. Andreyev, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 192501 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.F. Casten, Nuclear Structure from a Simple Perspective (Oxford University Press, New York, 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Catherall, W. Andreazza, M. Breitenfeldt, A. Dorsival, G.J. Focker, T.P. Gharsa, et al., J. Phys. G 44, 094002 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Cerny, J.E. Esterl, R.A. Gough, R.G. Sextro, Phys. Lett. B 33, 284 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Chadwick, Nature 129, 312 (1932); Proc. Roy. Soc. A 136, 692 (1932)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Cheal, J. Billowes, M.L. Bissell, K. Blaum, F.C. Charlwood, K.T. Flanagan, et al., Phys. Rev. C 82, 051302 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Chen, J. Dobaczewski, K.-L. Kratz, K. Langanke, B. Pfeiffer, F.-K. Thielemann, P. Vogel, Phys. Lett. B 355, 37 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • F.-Q. Chen, Y.-X. Liu, Y. Sun, P.M. Walker, G.D. Dracoulis, Phys. Rev. C 85, 024324 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Z.Q. Chen, Z.H. Li, H. Hua, H. Watanabe, C.X. Yuan, S.Q. Zhang, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 212502 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Chiara, W.B. Walters, I. Stefanescu, M. Alcorta, M.P. Carpenter, B. Fornal, et al., Phys. Rev. C 84, 037304 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Chiara, J.J. Carroll, M.P. Carpenter, J.P. Greene, D.J. Hartley, R.V.F. Janssens, et al., Nature 554, 216 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Clark, D. Rudolph, Phys. Rev. C 97, 024333 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.B. Collins, F. Davanloo, M.C. Iosif, R. Dussart, J.M. Hicks, S.A. Karamian, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 695 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Cowan, C. Sneden, J.E. Lawler, A. Aprahamian, M. Wiescher, K. Langanke, et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 015002 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.M. Cullen, M.P. Carpenter, C.N. Davids, A.M. Fletcher, S.J. Freeman, R.V.F. Janssens, et al., Phys. Lett. B 529, 42 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.N. Davids, Nucl. Inst. Meth. B 204, 124 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.-P. Delaroche, M. Girod, H. Goutte, J. Libert, Nucl. Phys. A 771, 103 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Dillmann, K.-L. Kratz, A. Wöhr, O. Arndt, B.A. Brown, P. Hoff, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 162503 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.D. Dracoulis, F.G. Kondev, G.J. Lane, A.P. Byrne, T.R. McGoram, T. Kibédi, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 122501 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.D. Dracoulis, G.J. Lane, F.G. Kondev, H. Watanabe, D. Sewerynick, S. Zhu, et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 054313 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.D. Dracoulis, G.J. Lane, A.P. Byrne, H. Watanabe, R.O. Hughes, F.G. Kondev, et al., Phys. Lett. B 720, 330 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.D. Dracoulis, P.M. Walker, F.G. Kondev, Rep. Prog. Phys. 79, 076301 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Eberth, J. Simpson, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 60, 283 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Ejiri, T. Shima, J. Phys. G 44, 065101 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Eliseev, K. Blaum, M. Block, C. Droese, M. Goncharov, E.M. Ramirez, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 082501 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • ENSDF: Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data Files. www.nndc.bnl.gov/ensdf

  • E. Fermi, Nature 133, 757 (1934)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. B. Firestone, V. S. Shirley (eds.), Table of Isotopes, 8th edn. (Wiley, New York, 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • V.V. Flambaum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 092502 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Fogelberg, H. Gausemel, K.A. Mezilev, P. Hoff, H. Mach, M. Sanchez-Vega, et al., Phys. Rev. C 70, 034312 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Force, S. Grévy, L. Gaudefroy, O. Sorlin, L. Cáceres, F. Rotaru, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 102501 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Fornal, R. Broda, K.H. Maier, J. Wrzesiński, G.J. Lane, M. Cromaz, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 212501 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Fujimoto, M. Hashimoto, MNRAS 493, L103 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Gallagher, Phys. Rev. 126, 1525 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Gallagher, S.A. Moszkowski, Phys. Rev. 111, 1282 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.E. Garrett, T.R. Rodríguez, A. Diaz Varela, K.L. Green, J. Bangay, A. Finlay, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 142502 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • S.A. Gillespie, A. Stott, A.N. Andreyev, J.G. Cubiss, M. Al Monthery, C.J. Barton, et al., Phys. Rev. C 103, 044307 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Goeppert Mayer, Phys. Rev. 75, 1969 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Górska, L. Caceres, H. Grawe, M. Pfützner, A. Jungclaus, S. Pietri, et al., Phys. Lett. B 672, 313 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Gosselin, V. Méot, P. Morel, Phys. Rev. C 76, 044611 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Gottardo, J.J. Valiente-Dobón, G. Benzoni, R. Nicolini, A. Gadea, S. Lunardi, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 162502 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Grawe, K. Langanke, G. Martínez-Pinedo, Rep. Prog. Phys. 70, 1525 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • A.P. Grinberg, Sov. Phys. Usp. 23, 848 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Grzywacz, R. Béraud, C. Borcea, A. Emsallem, M. Glogowski, H. Grawe, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 766 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Hahn, Chem. Ber. 54, 1131 (1921)

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Haxel, J.H.D. Jensen, H.E. Suess, Phys. Rev. 75, 1766 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Hayakawa, Y. Toh, A. Kimura, S. Nakamura, T. Shizuma, N. Iwamoto, et al., Phys. Rev. C 103, 045801 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • K.P. Heeg, A. Kaldun, C. Strohm, C. Ott, R. Subramanian, D. Lentrodt, et al., Nature 590, 401 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Heyde, J.L. Wood, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 1467 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Hofmann, F.P. Hessberger, D. Ackermann, S. Antalic, P. Cagarda, S. Ćwiok, et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 10, 5 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Hornung, D. Amanbayev, I. Dedes, G. Kripko-Koncz, I. Miskun, N. Shimizu, et al., Phys. Lett. B 802, 135200 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.O. Hughes, G.J. Lane, G.D. Dracoulis, A.P. Byrne, P.H. Nieminen, H. Watanabe, et al., Phys. Rev. C 86, 054314 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • K.P. Jackson, C.U. Cardinal, H.C. Evans, N.A. Jelley, J. Cerny, Phys. Lett. B 33, 281 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Jain, O. Burglin, G.D. Dracoulis, B. Fabricius, N. Rowley, P.M. Walker, Nucl. Phys. A 591, 61 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • A.K. Jain, B. Maheshwari, S. Garg, M. Patial, B. Singh, Nucl. Data Sheets 128, 1 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • A.K. Jain, B. Maheshwari, A. Goel, Nuclear Isomers – A Primer, Switzerland, (Springer, Cham (Switzerland), 2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.T. Joss, I.G. Darby, R.D. Page, J. Uusitalo, S. Eeckhaudt, T. Grahn, et al., Phys. Lett. B 641, 34 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Jungclaus, L. Cáceres, M. Górska, M. Pfützner, S. Pietri, E. Werner-Malento, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 132501 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Kallunkathariyil, B. Sulignano, P.T. Greenlees, J. Khuyagbaatar, C. Theisen, K. Auranen, et al., Phys. Rev. C 101, 011301(R) (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Kantele, W. Stöffl, L.E. Ussery, D.J. Decman, E.A. Henry, R.W. Hoff, L.G. Mann, G.L. Struble, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 91 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Käppeler, R. Gallino, S. Bisterzo, W. Aoki, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 157 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Kibédi, R.H. Spear, At. Data and Nucl. Data Tables 89, 77 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Kibédi, T.W. Burrows, M.B. Trzhaskovskaya, P.M. Davidson, C.W. Nestor, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 589, 202 (2008) http://bricc.anu.edu.au/index.php

    Google Scholar 

  • V.I. Kirischuk, V.A. Ageev, A.M. Dovbnya, S.S. Kandybei, Y.M. Ranyuk, Phys. Lett. B 750, 89 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • F.G. Kondev, G.D. Dracoulis, G.J. Lane, I. Ahmad, A.P. Byrne, M.P. Carpenter, et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 22, 23 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • F.G. Kondev, G.D. Dracoulis, T. Kibédi, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 103–104, 50 (2015).; erratum At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 105–106, 105 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • F.G. Kondev, M. Wang, W.J. Huang, S. Naimi, G. Audi, Chinese Phys. C 45, 030001 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • B.V. Kurchatov, I. Kurchatov, L. Myssowski, L. Roussinow, Comptes Rendus 200, 1201 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Lehnert, M. Hult, G. Lutter, K. Zuber, Phys. Rev. C 95, 044306 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Lehnert, H. Ramani, M. Hult, G. Lutter, M. Pospelov, S. Rajendran, K. Zuber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 181802 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • Y.A. Litvinov, F. Attallah, K. Beckert, F. Bosch, D. Boutin, M. Falch, et al., Phys. Lett. B 573, 80 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Lizarazo, P.-A. Söderström, V. Werner, N. Pietralla, P.M. Walker, G.X. Dong, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 222501 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Mach, R.L. Gill, M. Moszynsky, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 280, 49 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Mărginean, D.L. Balabanski, D. Bucurescu, S. Lalkovski, L. Atanasova, G. Căta-Danil, et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 46, 329 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Marmugi, P.M. Walker, F. Renzoni, Phys. Lett. B 777, 281 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • T.R. McGoram, G.D. Dracoulis, T. Kibédi, A.P. Byrne, R.A. Bark, A.M. Baxter, S.M. Mullins, Phys. Rev. C 62, 031303(R) (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Mertzimekis, Eur. Phys. J. Web of Conferences 146, 02024 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.W. Misch, S.K. Ghorui, P. Banerjee, Y. Sun, M.R. Mumpower, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 252, 2 (2021a)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.W. Misch, T.M. Sprouse, M.R. Mumpower, Astrophys. J. Lett 913, L2 (2021b)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Mössbauer, Z. Phys. 151, 124 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Mukha, E. Roeckl, J. Döring, L. Batist, A. Blazhev, H. Grawe, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 022501 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Nakamura, H. Sakurai, H. Watanabe, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 97, 53 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Nesterenko, A. Kankainen, J.K. ostensalo, C.R. Nobs, A.M. Bruce, O. Beliuskina, et al., Phys. Lett. B 808, 135642 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Neyens, Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 633 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • S.G. Nilsson, Mat. Phys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 29, nr. 16 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • S.G. Nilsson, I. Ragnarsson, Shapes and Shells in Nuclear Structure (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (England), 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Nowacki, A. Obertelli, A. Poves, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 120, 103866 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Odahara, Y. Wakabayashi, T. Fukuchi, Y. Gono, H. Sagawa, Eur. Phys. J. A. 25(s01), 375 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Olaizola, L.M. Fraile, H. Mach, A. Poves, F. Nowacki, A. Aprahamian, et al., Phys. Rev. C 95, 061303(R) (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Park, R. Krücken, D. Lubos, R. Gernhauser, M. Lewitowicz, S. Nishimura, et al., Phys. Rev. C 96, 044311 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Paschalis, I.Y. Lee, A.O. Macchiavelli, C.M. Campbell, M. Cromaz, S. Gros, et al., Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 709, 44 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • E.S. Paul, P.J. Woods, T. Davinson, R.D. Page, P.J. Sellin, C.W. Beausang, et al., Phys. Rev. C 51, 78 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Pedersen, B.B. Back, F.M. Bernthal, S. Bjørnholm, J. Borggreen, O. Christensen, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 990 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Peik, T. Schumm, M.S. Safronova, A. Pálffy, J. Weitenberg, P.G. Thirolf, Quantum. Sci. Technol. 6, 034002 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Pfützner, P. Armbruster, T. Baumann, J. Benlliure, M. Bernas, W.N. Catford, et al., Phys. Lett. B 444, 32 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Pfützner, M. Karny, L.V. Grigorenko, K. Riisager, Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 567 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Pian, P. D’Avanzo, S. Benetti, M. Branchesi, E. Brocato, S. Campana, et al., Nature 551, 67 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Plettner, H. Grawe, I. Mukha, J. Döring, F. Nowacki, L. Batist, et al., Nucl. Phys. A 733, 20 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Z. Podolyák, G.F. Farrelly, P.H. Regan, A.B. Garnsworthy, S.J. Steer, M. Gorska, et al., Phys. Lett. B 672, 116 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • S.M. Polikanov, V.A. Druin, V.A. Karnaukhov, V.L. Mikheev, A.A. Pleve, N.K. Skobelev, et al., Sov. Phys. JETP 15, 1016 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Pospelov, S. Rajendran, H. Ramani, Phys. Rev. D 101, 055001 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Prantzos, R. Diehl, Phys. Rep. 267, 1 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.W. Reed, P.M. Walker, I.J. Cullen, Y.A. Litvinov, D. Shubina, G.D. Dracoulis, et al., Phys. Rev. C 86, 054321 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Reifarth, S. Fiebiger, K. Göbel, T. Heftrich, T. Kausch, C. Köppchen, et al., Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 33, 1843011 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Richter, H. Backe, F. Weik, R. Willwater, Nucl. Phys. A 319, 221 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Rudigier, P.M. Walker, R.L. Canavan, Z. Podolyák, P.H. Regan, P.-A. Söderström, et al., Phys. Lett. B 801, 135140 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Rudolph, R. Hoischen, M. Hellström, S. Pietri, Z. Podolyák, P.H. Regan, et al., Phys. Rev. C 78, 021301 (R) (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.C. Runkle, A.E. Champagne, J. Engel, Astrophys. J. 556, 970 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Rzadkiewicz, M. Polasik, K. Słabkowska, Ł. Syrocki, J.J. Carroll, C.J. Chiara, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 042501 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Seiferle, L. von der Wense, P.G. Thirolf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 042501 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • U. Shirwadkar, S.K. Tandel, P. Chowdhury, T.L. Khoo, I. Ahmad, M.P. Carpenter, et al., Phys. Rev. C 100, 034309 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • E.C. Simpson, M. Shelley, Phys. Educ. 52, 064002 (2017) https://people.physics.anu.edu.au/~ecs103/chart3d/

    Google Scholar 

  • G.S. Simpson, G. Gey, A. Jungclaus, J. Taprogge, S. Nishimura, K. Sieja, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 132502 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Sletten, V. Metag, E. Liukkonen, Phys. Lett. B 60, 153 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Soddy, Nature 99, 433 (1917)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.-A. Söderström, P.M. Walker, J. Wu, H.L. Liu, P.H. Regan, W. Watanabe, et al., Phys. Lett. B 762, 404 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • H.J. Specht, J. Weber, E. Konecny, D. Heunemann, Phys. Lett. B 41, 43 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • S.J. Steer, Z. Podolyák, S. Pietri, M. Gorska, P.H. Regan, D. Rudolph, et al., Phys. Rev. C 78, 061302(R) (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • S.J. Steer, Z. Podolyák, S. Pietri, M. Górska, H. Grawe, K.H. Maier, Phys. Rev. C 84, 044313 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • F.S. Stephens, Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 43 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Steppenbeck, S. Takeuchi, N. Aoi, P. Doornenbal, M. Matsushita, H. Wang, et al., Nature 502, 207 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Szilard, T.A. Chalmers, Nature 135, 98 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Valiente-Dobón, A. Gottardo, G. Benzoni, A. Gadea, S. Lunardi, A. Algora, et al., Phys. Lett. B 816, 136183 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Van Isacker, J. Phys.: Conf. Series 322, 012003 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.F. von Weizsäcker, Naturewissenschaften 24, 813 (1936)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, J. Phys. G Nucl. Part Phys. 16, L233 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, Phys. Scr. 92, 054001 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, J.J. Carroll, Phys. Today 58(6), 39 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, G.D. Dracoulis, Nature 399, 35 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, Z. Podolyák, Phys. Scr. 95, 044004 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, Z. Podolyák, Phys. World 34(4), 29 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, P.D. Stevenson, Phys. Rev. C 103, 064305 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, G.D. Dracoulis, J.J. Carroll, Phys. Rev. C 64, 061302(R) (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, R.J. Wood, G.D. Dracoulis, T. Kibédi, R.A. Bark, A.M. Bruce, et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 044321 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, F.R. Xu, H.L. Liu, Y. Sun, J. Phys. G 39, 105016 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, Y. Hirayama, G.J. Lane, H. Watanabe, G.D. Dracoulis, M. Ahmed, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 192505 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Wallner, M.B. Froehlich, M.A.C. Hotchkis, N. Kinoshita, M. Paul, M. Martschini, et al., Science 372, 742 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Watanabe, Eur. Phys. J. A 55, 19 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Watanabe, G. Lorusso, S. Nishimura, Z.Y. Xu, T. Sumikama, P.-A. Söderström, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 152501 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Watanabe, G.X. Zhang, K. Yoshida, P.M. Walker, J.J. Liu, J. Wu, et al., Phys. Lett. B 760, 641 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.L. Wood, E.F. Zganjar, C. De Coster, K. Heyde, Nucl. Phys. A 651, 323 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Wu, C.H. Keitel, A. Pálffy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 212501 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • F.R. Xu, P.M. Walker, J.A. Sheikh, R. Wyss, Phys. Lett. B 435, 257 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • F.R. Xu, E.G. Zhao, R. Wyss, P.M. Walker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 252501 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • X. Xu, J.H. Liu, C.X. Yuan, X.M. Xing, M. Wang, Y.H. Zhang, et al., Phys. Rev. C 100, 051303(R) (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Yamaguchi, H. Koura, Y.A. Litvinov, M. Wang, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 120, 103882 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • X.F. Yang, C. Wraith, L. Xie, C. Babcock, J. Billowes, M.L. Bissell, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 182502 (2016).; erratum Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 219901 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Yong, C. Kobayashi, G.S. Da Costa, M.S. Bessell, A. Chiti, A. Frebel, et al., Nature 595, 223 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.T. Yordanov, D.L. Balabanski, J. Bieroń, M.L. Bissell, K. Blaum, I. Budinčević, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 192501 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council under grant no. ST/P005314/1.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

    Philip M. Walker & Zsolt Podolyák

Authors
  1. Philip M. Walker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zsolt Podolyák
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philip M. Walker .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan

    Isao Tanihata

  2. Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Beijing, Japan

    Hiroshi Toki

  3. Beihang University, Haidian, Beijing, China

    Toshitaka Kajino

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Juha Äystö

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Walker, P.M., Podolyák, Z. (2023). Nuclear Isomers. In: Tanihata, I., Toki, H., Kajino, T. (eds) Handbook of Nuclear Physics . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6345-2_46

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation