Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nuclear Isomers

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Nuclear Physics

Abstract

Isomers are metastable nuclear excitations with long half-lives, ranging from nanoseconds to years. In general, an isomer’s decay is inhibited by at least one of three physical constraints: spin isomers involve a large change in the magnitude of the angular momentum, often combined with low transition energy; K isomers require a large change in the direction of the angular momentum; and shape isomers arise due to a significant change in the shape of the nucleus. The long half-lives of isomers open up a variety of experimental techniques for studying their properties, which themselves give key information about the nuclear structure. Isomers can also be valuable in providing increased sensitivity for the investigation of exotic nuclei, far from the valley of β-stability. Furthermore, by virtue of their electromagnetic decay, isomers have applications that may differ from those of nuclear ground states, including critical roles in nuclear astrophysics and, more generally, physics at the atomic/nuclear interface. All these topics are discussed in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • G. Alaga, K. Alder, A. Bohr, B.R. Mottelson, Mat. Phys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 29, 9 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Almaraz-Calderon, K.E. Rehm, N. Gerken, M.L. Avila, B.P. Kay, R. Talwar, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 072701 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.A.S. Andrés, C. Hornung, J. Ebert, W.R. Plass, T. Dickel, H. Geissel, et al., Phys. Rev. C 99, 064313 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Azaiez, A. Bracco, J. Dobeš, A. Jokinen, G.-E. Körner, A. Maj, et al. (Eds), Nuclear Physics for Medicine 2014 Report from the Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee, www.esf.org/fileadmin/Public_documents/Publications/Nuclear_Physics_in_Medicine.pdf

  • B. Bastin, S. Grevy, D. Sohler, O. Sorlin, Z. Dombrádi, N.L. Achouri, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 022503 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Beeks, T. Sikorsky, T. Schumm, J. Thielking, M.V. Okhapkin, E. Peik, Nat. Rev. Phys. 3, 238 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Belic, C. Arlandini, J. Besserer, J. de Boer, J.J. Carroll, J. Enders, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5242 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.T. Belyaev, Mat. Phys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 31, 11 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Bjørnholm, J.E. Lynn, Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 725 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Blazhev, M. Górska, H. Grawe, J. Nyberg, M. Palacz, E. Caurier, et al., Phys. Rev. C 69, 064304 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Block, C. Bachelet, G. Bollen, M. Facina, C.M. Folden, C. Guénaut, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 132501 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Boutachkov, M. Górska, H. Grawe, A. Blazhev, N. Braun, T.S. Brock, et al., Phys. Rev. C 84, 044311 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Bracco, G. Duchêne, Z. Podolyák, P. Reiter, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 121, 103887 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Broda, R.V.F. Janssens, L.W. Iskra, J. Wrzesinski, B. Fornal, M.P. Carpenter, et al., Phys. Rev. C 95, 064308 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Browne, A.M. Bruce, T. Sumikama, I. Nishizuka, P. Doorenbal, G. Lorusso, et al., Phys. Rev. C 96, 024309 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Campbell, A.G. Radnaev, A. Kuzmich, V.A. Dzuba, V.V. Flambaum, A. Derevianko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 120802 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Campbell, I.D. Moore, M.R. Pearson, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 86, 127 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Carroll, S.A. Karamian, R. Propri, D. Gohlke, N. Caldwell, P. Ugorowski, et al., Phys. Lett. B 679, 203 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Carroll, Z. Podolyák, T. Berry, H. Grawe, T. Alexander, A.N. Andreyev, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 192501 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.F. Casten, Nuclear Structure from a Simple Perspective (Oxford University Press, New York, 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Catherall, W. Andreazza, M. Breitenfeldt, A. Dorsival, G.J. Focker, T.P. Gharsa, et al., J. Phys. G 44, 094002 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Cerny, J.E. Esterl, R.A. Gough, R.G. Sextro, Phys. Lett. B 33, 284 (1970)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Chadwick, Nature 129, 312 (1932); Proc. Roy. Soc. A 136, 692 (1932)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Cheal, J. Billowes, M.L. Bissell, K. Blaum, F.C. Charlwood, K.T. Flanagan, et al., Phys. Rev. C 82, 051302 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Chen, J. Dobaczewski, K.-L. Kratz, K. Langanke, B. Pfeiffer, F.-K. Thielemann, P. Vogel, Phys. Lett. B 355, 37 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F.-Q. Chen, Y.-X. Liu, Y. Sun, P.M. Walker, G.D. Dracoulis, Phys. Rev. C 85, 024324 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Z.Q. Chen, Z.H. Li, H. Hua, H. Watanabe, C.X. Yuan, S.Q. Zhang, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 212502 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Chiara, W.B. Walters, I. Stefanescu, M. Alcorta, M.P. Carpenter, B. Fornal, et al., Phys. Rev. C 84, 037304 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Chiara, J.J. Carroll, M.P. Carpenter, J.P. Greene, D.J. Hartley, R.V.F. Janssens, et al., Nature 554, 216 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Clark, D. Rudolph, Phys. Rev. C 97, 024333 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.B. Collins, F. Davanloo, M.C. Iosif, R. Dussart, J.M. Hicks, S.A. Karamian, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 695 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Cowan, C. Sneden, J.E. Lawler, A. Aprahamian, M. Wiescher, K. Langanke, et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 015002 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.M. Cullen, M.P. Carpenter, C.N. Davids, A.M. Fletcher, S.J. Freeman, R.V.F. Janssens, et al., Phys. Lett. B 529, 42 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.N. Davids, Nucl. Inst. Meth. B 204, 124 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.-P. Delaroche, M. Girod, H. Goutte, J. Libert, Nucl. Phys. A 771, 103 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. Dillmann, K.-L. Kratz, A. Wöhr, O. Arndt, B.A. Brown, P. Hoff, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 162503 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.D. Dracoulis, F.G. Kondev, G.J. Lane, A.P. Byrne, T.R. McGoram, T. Kibédi, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 122501 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.D. Dracoulis, G.J. Lane, F.G. Kondev, H. Watanabe, D. Sewerynick, S. Zhu, et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 054313 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.D. Dracoulis, G.J. Lane, A.P. Byrne, H. Watanabe, R.O. Hughes, F.G. Kondev, et al., Phys. Lett. B 720, 330 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.D. Dracoulis, P.M. Walker, F.G. Kondev, Rep. Prog. Phys. 79, 076301 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Eberth, J. Simpson, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 60, 283 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Ejiri, T. Shima, J. Phys. G 44, 065101 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Eliseev, K. Blaum, M. Block, C. Droese, M. Goncharov, E.M. Ramirez, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 082501 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • ENSDF: Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data Files. www.nndc.bnl.gov/ensdf

  • E. Fermi, Nature 133, 757 (1934)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. B. Firestone, V. S. Shirley (eds.), Table of Isotopes, 8th edn. (Wiley, New York, 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • V.V. Flambaum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 092502 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Fogelberg, H. Gausemel, K.A. Mezilev, P. Hoff, H. Mach, M. Sanchez-Vega, et al., Phys. Rev. C 70, 034312 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Force, S. Grévy, L. Gaudefroy, O. Sorlin, L. Cáceres, F. Rotaru, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 102501 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Fornal, R. Broda, K.H. Maier, J. Wrzesiński, G.J. Lane, M. Cromaz, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 212501 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Fujimoto, M. Hashimoto, MNRAS 493, L103 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Gallagher, Phys. Rev. 126, 1525 (1962)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Gallagher, S.A. Moszkowski, Phys. Rev. 111, 1282 (1958)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.E. Garrett, T.R. Rodríguez, A. Diaz Varela, K.L. Green, J. Bangay, A. Finlay, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 142502 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.A. Gillespie, A. Stott, A.N. Andreyev, J.G. Cubiss, M. Al Monthery, C.J. Barton, et al., Phys. Rev. C 103, 044307 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Goeppert Mayer, Phys. Rev. 75, 1969 (1949)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Górska, L. Caceres, H. Grawe, M. Pfützner, A. Jungclaus, S. Pietri, et al., Phys. Lett. B 672, 313 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Gosselin, V. Méot, P. Morel, Phys. Rev. C 76, 044611 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Gottardo, J.J. Valiente-Dobón, G. Benzoni, R. Nicolini, A. Gadea, S. Lunardi, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 162502 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Grawe, K. Langanke, G. Martínez-Pinedo, Rep. Prog. Phys. 70, 1525 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.P. Grinberg, Sov. Phys. Usp. 23, 848 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Grzywacz, R. Béraud, C. Borcea, A. Emsallem, M. Glogowski, H. Grawe, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 766 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Hahn, Chem. Ber. 54, 1131 (1921)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O. Haxel, J.H.D. Jensen, H.E. Suess, Phys. Rev. 75, 1766 (1949)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Hayakawa, Y. Toh, A. Kimura, S. Nakamura, T. Shizuma, N. Iwamoto, et al., Phys. Rev. C 103, 045801 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.P. Heeg, A. Kaldun, C. Strohm, C. Ott, R. Subramanian, D. Lentrodt, et al., Nature 590, 401 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Heyde, J.L. Wood, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 1467 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Hofmann, F.P. Hessberger, D. Ackermann, S. Antalic, P. Cagarda, S. Ćwiok, et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 10, 5 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Hornung, D. Amanbayev, I. Dedes, G. Kripko-Koncz, I. Miskun, N. Shimizu, et al., Phys. Lett. B 802, 135200 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.O. Hughes, G.J. Lane, G.D. Dracoulis, A.P. Byrne, P.H. Nieminen, H. Watanabe, et al., Phys. Rev. C 86, 054314 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.P. Jackson, C.U. Cardinal, H.C. Evans, N.A. Jelley, J. Cerny, Phys. Lett. B 33, 281 (1970)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Jain, O. Burglin, G.D. Dracoulis, B. Fabricius, N. Rowley, P.M. Walker, Nucl. Phys. A 591, 61 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.K. Jain, B. Maheshwari, S. Garg, M. Patial, B. Singh, Nucl. Data Sheets 128, 1 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.K. Jain, B. Maheshwari, A. Goel, Nuclear Isomers – A Primer, Switzerland, (Springer, Cham (Switzerland), 2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.T. Joss, I.G. Darby, R.D. Page, J. Uusitalo, S. Eeckhaudt, T. Grahn, et al., Phys. Lett. B 641, 34 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Jungclaus, L. Cáceres, M. Górska, M. Pfützner, S. Pietri, E. Werner-Malento, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 132501 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Kallunkathariyil, B. Sulignano, P.T. Greenlees, J. Khuyagbaatar, C. Theisen, K. Auranen, et al., Phys. Rev. C 101, 011301(R) (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Kantele, W. Stöffl, L.E. Ussery, D.J. Decman, E.A. Henry, R.W. Hoff, L.G. Mann, G.L. Struble, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 91 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Käppeler, R. Gallino, S. Bisterzo, W. Aoki, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 157 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Kibédi, R.H. Spear, At. Data and Nucl. Data Tables 89, 77 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Kibédi, T.W. Burrows, M.B. Trzhaskovskaya, P.M. Davidson, C.W. Nestor, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 589, 202 (2008) http://bricc.anu.edu.au/index.php

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • V.I. Kirischuk, V.A. Ageev, A.M. Dovbnya, S.S. Kandybei, Y.M. Ranyuk, Phys. Lett. B 750, 89 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F.G. Kondev, G.D. Dracoulis, G.J. Lane, I. Ahmad, A.P. Byrne, M.P. Carpenter, et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 22, 23 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F.G. Kondev, G.D. Dracoulis, T. Kibédi, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 103–104, 50 (2015).; erratum At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 105–106, 105 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F.G. Kondev, M. Wang, W.J. Huang, S. Naimi, G. Audi, Chinese Phys. C 45, 030001 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.V. Kurchatov, I. Kurchatov, L. Myssowski, L. Roussinow, Comptes Rendus 200, 1201 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Lehnert, M. Hult, G. Lutter, K. Zuber, Phys. Rev. C 95, 044306 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Lehnert, H. Ramani, M. Hult, G. Lutter, M. Pospelov, S. Rajendran, K. Zuber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 181802 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.A. Litvinov, F. Attallah, K. Beckert, F. Bosch, D. Boutin, M. Falch, et al., Phys. Lett. B 573, 80 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Lizarazo, P.-A. Söderström, V. Werner, N. Pietralla, P.M. Walker, G.X. Dong, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 222501 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Mach, R.L. Gill, M. Moszynsky, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 280, 49 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Mărginean, D.L. Balabanski, D. Bucurescu, S. Lalkovski, L. Atanasova, G. Căta-Danil, et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 46, 329 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Marmugi, P.M. Walker, F. Renzoni, Phys. Lett. B 777, 281 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.R. McGoram, G.D. Dracoulis, T. Kibédi, A.P. Byrne, R.A. Bark, A.M. Baxter, S.M. Mullins, Phys. Rev. C 62, 031303(R) (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Mertzimekis, Eur. Phys. J. Web of Conferences 146, 02024 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G.W. Misch, S.K. Ghorui, P. Banerjee, Y. Sun, M.R. Mumpower, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 252, 2 (2021a)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.W. Misch, T.M. Sprouse, M.R. Mumpower, Astrophys. J. Lett 913, L2 (2021b)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Mössbauer, Z. Phys. 151, 124 (1958)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. Mukha, E. Roeckl, J. Döring, L. Batist, A. Blazhev, H. Grawe, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 022501 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Nakamura, H. Sakurai, H. Watanabe, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 97, 53 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Nesterenko, A. Kankainen, J.K. ostensalo, C.R. Nobs, A.M. Bruce, O. Beliuskina, et al., Phys. Lett. B 808, 135642 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Neyens, Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 633 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.G. Nilsson, Mat. Phys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 29, nr. 16 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • S.G. Nilsson, I. Ragnarsson, Shapes and Shells in Nuclear Structure (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (England), 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Nowacki, A. Obertelli, A. Poves, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 120, 103866 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Odahara, Y. Wakabayashi, T. Fukuchi, Y. Gono, H. Sagawa, Eur. Phys. J. A. 25(s01), 375 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Olaizola, L.M. Fraile, H. Mach, A. Poves, F. Nowacki, A. Aprahamian, et al., Phys. Rev. C 95, 061303(R) (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Park, R. Krücken, D. Lubos, R. Gernhauser, M. Lewitowicz, S. Nishimura, et al., Phys. Rev. C 96, 044311 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Paschalis, I.Y. Lee, A.O. Macchiavelli, C.M. Campbell, M. Cromaz, S. Gros, et al., Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 709, 44 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.S. Paul, P.J. Woods, T. Davinson, R.D. Page, P.J. Sellin, C.W. Beausang, et al., Phys. Rev. C 51, 78 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Pedersen, B.B. Back, F.M. Bernthal, S. Bjørnholm, J. Borggreen, O. Christensen, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 990 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Peik, T. Schumm, M.S. Safronova, A. Pálffy, J. Weitenberg, P.G. Thirolf, Quantum. Sci. Technol. 6, 034002 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Pfützner, P. Armbruster, T. Baumann, J. Benlliure, M. Bernas, W.N. Catford, et al., Phys. Lett. B 444, 32 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Pfützner, M. Karny, L.V. Grigorenko, K. Riisager, Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 567 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Pian, P. D’Avanzo, S. Benetti, M. Branchesi, E. Brocato, S. Campana, et al., Nature 551, 67 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Plettner, H. Grawe, I. Mukha, J. Döring, F. Nowacki, L. Batist, et al., Nucl. Phys. A 733, 20 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Podolyák, G.F. Farrelly, P.H. Regan, A.B. Garnsworthy, S.J. Steer, M. Gorska, et al., Phys. Lett. B 672, 116 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.M. Polikanov, V.A. Druin, V.A. Karnaukhov, V.L. Mikheev, A.A. Pleve, N.K. Skobelev, et al., Sov. Phys. JETP 15, 1016 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Pospelov, S. Rajendran, H. Ramani, Phys. Rev. D 101, 055001 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Prantzos, R. Diehl, Phys. Rep. 267, 1 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.W. Reed, P.M. Walker, I.J. Cullen, Y.A. Litvinov, D. Shubina, G.D. Dracoulis, et al., Phys. Rev. C 86, 054321 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Reifarth, S. Fiebiger, K. Göbel, T. Heftrich, T. Kausch, C. Köppchen, et al., Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 33, 1843011 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Richter, H. Backe, F. Weik, R. Willwater, Nucl. Phys. A 319, 221 (1979)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Rudigier, P.M. Walker, R.L. Canavan, Z. Podolyák, P.H. Regan, P.-A. Söderström, et al., Phys. Lett. B 801, 135140 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Rudolph, R. Hoischen, M. Hellström, S. Pietri, Z. Podolyák, P.H. Regan, et al., Phys. Rev. C 78, 021301 (R) (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.C. Runkle, A.E. Champagne, J. Engel, Astrophys. J. 556, 970 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Rzadkiewicz, M. Polasik, K. Słabkowska, Ł. Syrocki, J.J. Carroll, C.J. Chiara, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 042501 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Seiferle, L. von der Wense, P.G. Thirolf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 042501 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • U. Shirwadkar, S.K. Tandel, P. Chowdhury, T.L. Khoo, I. Ahmad, M.P. Carpenter, et al., Phys. Rev. C 100, 034309 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.C. Simpson, M. Shelley, Phys. Educ. 52, 064002 (2017) https://people.physics.anu.edu.au/~ecs103/chart3d/

  • G.S. Simpson, G. Gey, A. Jungclaus, J. Taprogge, S. Nishimura, K. Sieja, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 132502 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Sletten, V. Metag, E. Liukkonen, Phys. Lett. B 60, 153 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Soddy, Nature 99, 433 (1917)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P.-A. Söderström, P.M. Walker, J. Wu, H.L. Liu, P.H. Regan, W. Watanabe, et al., Phys. Lett. B 762, 404 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.J. Specht, J. Weber, E. Konecny, D. Heunemann, Phys. Lett. B 41, 43 (1972)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.J. Steer, Z. Podolyák, S. Pietri, M. Gorska, P.H. Regan, D. Rudolph, et al., Phys. Rev. C 78, 061302(R) (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.J. Steer, Z. Podolyák, S. Pietri, M. Górska, H. Grawe, K.H. Maier, Phys. Rev. C 84, 044313 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F.S. Stephens, Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 43 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Steppenbeck, S. Takeuchi, N. Aoi, P. Doornenbal, M. Matsushita, H. Wang, et al., Nature 502, 207 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Szilard, T.A. Chalmers, Nature 135, 98 (1935)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Valiente-Dobón, A. Gottardo, G. Benzoni, A. Gadea, S. Lunardi, A. Algora, et al., Phys. Lett. B 816, 136183 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Van Isacker, J. Phys.: Conf. Series 322, 012003 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • C.F. von Weizsäcker, Naturewissenschaften 24, 813 (1936)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, J. Phys. G Nucl. Part Phys. 16, L233 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, Phys. Scr. 92, 054001 (2017)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, J.J. Carroll, Phys. Today 58(6), 39 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, G.D. Dracoulis, Nature 399, 35 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, Z. Podolyák, Phys. Scr. 95, 044004 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, Z. Podolyák, Phys. World 34(4), 29 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, P.D. Stevenson, Phys. Rev. C 103, 064305 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, G.D. Dracoulis, J.J. Carroll, Phys. Rev. C 64, 061302(R) (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, R.J. Wood, G.D. Dracoulis, T. Kibédi, R.A. Bark, A.M. Bruce, et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 044321 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, F.R. Xu, H.L. Liu, Y. Sun, J. Phys. G 39, 105016 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Walker, Y. Hirayama, G.J. Lane, H. Watanabe, G.D. Dracoulis, M. Ahmed, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 192505 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Wallner, M.B. Froehlich, M.A.C. Hotchkis, N. Kinoshita, M. Paul, M. Martschini, et al., Science 372, 742 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Watanabe, Eur. Phys. J. A 55, 19 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Watanabe, G. Lorusso, S. Nishimura, Z.Y. Xu, T. Sumikama, P.-A. Söderström, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 152501 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Watanabe, G.X. Zhang, K. Yoshida, P.M. Walker, J.J. Liu, J. Wu, et al., Phys. Lett. B 760, 641 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.L. Wood, E.F. Zganjar, C. De Coster, K. Heyde, Nucl. Phys. A 651, 323 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Wu, C.H. Keitel, A. Pálffy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 212501 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F.R. Xu, P.M. Walker, J.A. Sheikh, R. Wyss, Phys. Lett. B 435, 257 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F.R. Xu, E.G. Zhao, R. Wyss, P.M. Walker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 252501 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X. Xu, J.H. Liu, C.X. Yuan, X.M. Xing, M. Wang, Y.H. Zhang, et al., Phys. Rev. C 100, 051303(R) (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Yamaguchi, H. Koura, Y.A. Litvinov, M. Wang, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 120, 103882 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • X.F. Yang, C. Wraith, L. Xie, C. Babcock, J. Billowes, M.L. Bissell, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 182502 (2016).; erratum Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 219901 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Yong, C. Kobayashi, G.S. Da Costa, M.S. Bessell, A. Chiti, A. Frebel, et al., Nature 595, 223 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.T. Yordanov, D.L. Balabanski, J. Bieroń, M.L. Bissell, K. Blaum, I. Budinčević, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 192501 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council under grant no. ST/P005314/1.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

    Philip M. Walker & Zsolt Podolyák

Authors
  1. Philip M. Walker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zsolt Podolyák
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philip M. Walker .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan

    Isao Tanihata

  2. Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan

    Hiroshi Toki

  3. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan

    Toshitaka Kajino

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Juha Äystö

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Walker, P.M., Podolyák, Z. (2022). Nuclear Isomers. In: Tanihata, I., Toki, H., Kajino, T. (eds) Handbook of Nuclear Physics . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8818-1_46-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8818-1_46-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-8818-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-8818-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Physics and AstronomyReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation