Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Adipose tissue-derived regenerative cell-based therapies: Current optimisation strategies for effective treatment in aesthetic surgery

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells derived from several different tissues in the human body, such as adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is composed of mature adipocytes and a stromal vascular fraction (SVF). Fresh SVF cells are heterogeneous, containing putative MSCs (adipose tissue-derived stem cells; ASCs), progenitor cells, vascular smooth muscle cells or pericytes, and hematopoietic cells under uncultured conditions. The capacity to isolate SVF and ASCs from the readily accessible and abundant adipose tissue shows great promise as a crucial unlimited supply for numerous applications, including regenerative medicine and basic research for pharmaceutical discoveries. The SVF is used for immediate autologous applications during surgery, while purified or cultured ASCs are considered suitable for cell therapy owing to their inter alia proliferation capabilities, multilineage differentiation capacities, low immunogenicity, immunomodulatory properties, and various trophic properties. Moreover, ASCs can be used in long-term autologous and allogeneic applications. However, various studies have identified the need for improvement of the therapeutic potential of ASCs. With ethical and scientific controls and standardization of production and handling, as well as identification of acceptable modes of therapeutic applications, ASCs are envisaged to make a credible contribution to the clinical practice of the twenty-first century. Thus, different strategies for optimizing the performance of ASCs as a therapy are currently under investigation, including two treatment approaches: fresh, uncultured, unmodified, autologous SVF and ASCs. This chapter aims to review these two treatments as well as other clinical application optimization strategies for adipose tissue-derived regenerative cells.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ASCs:

Adipose stem cells

AT:

Adipose tissue

AT-MSCs:

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells

b-FGF:

Beta-fibroblast growth factor

BM:

Bone marrow

BM-MSCs:

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

CCL:

Chemokine ligand

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

CFU-F:

Colony-forming unit fibroblast

cGMP:

Current good manufacturing practice

cGTP:

Current good tissue practice

CSF2:

Colony-stimulating factor 2

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

HCT/Ps:

Human cells, tissues, or cellular and tissue-based products

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

HNF4 α:

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha

IFN-γ:

Interferon gamma

IGF:

Insulin growth factor

IL:

Interleukin

ISSCR:

International Society for Stem Cell Research

MCP:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein

MHLW:

Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare

MIP:

Macrophage inflammatory protein

miR:

Microribonucleic acid

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stromal cells

PAI:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factors

PMDAct:

Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act

RMAct:

Act on the Safety of Regenerative Medicine

SAEs:

Serious adverse events

SCs:

Stem cells

SVF:

Stromal vascular fraction

TCOM or TcPO2:

Transcutaneous oxygen measurement

TF:

Tissue factor

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

References

  • Afanasyev BV, Elstner EE, Zander AR (2009) AJ Friedenstein, founder of the mesenchymal stem cell concept. Cell Ther Transplant 1(3):35–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Alharbi Z, Opländer C, Almakadi S, Fritz A, Vogt M, Pallua N (2013) Conventional vs micro-fat harvesting: how fat harvesting technique affects tissue-engineering approaches using adipose tissue-derived stem/stromal cells. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg 66(9):1271–1278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alt EU, Schmitz C, Bai X (2019) Fundamentals of stem cells: why and how patients’ own adult stem cells are the next generation of medicine. In: Trafny T, Spiri S (eds) Bioethics and research on adult stem cells. IF Press Pontifical Council for Culture, Rome, Italy. in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Alt EU, Winnier G, Haenel A, Rothoerl R, Solakoglu O, Alt C, Schmitz C (2020) Towards a comprehensive understanding of UA-ADRCs (uncultured, autologous, fresh, unmodified, adipose derived regenerative cells, isolated at point of care) in regenerative medicine. Cell 9(5):1097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ankrum JA, Ong JF, Karp JM (2014) Mesenchymal stem cells: immune evasive, not immune privileged. Nat Biotech 32(3):252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronowitz JA, Ellenhorn JD (2013) Adipose stromal vascular fraction isolation: a head-to-head comparison of four commercial cell separation systems. Plast Reconstr Surg 132(6):932e–939e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182a80652

  • Atesok K, Fu FH, Sekiya I, Stolzing A, Ochi M, Rodeo SA (2017) Stem cells in degenerative orthopaedic pathologies: effects of aging on therapeutic potential. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA 25(2):626–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3763-9

  • Azuma K (2015) Regulatory landscape of regenerative medicine in Japan. Current Stem Cell Rep 1(2):118–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40778-015-0012-6

  • Bai X, Yan Y, Coleman M, Wu G, Rabinovich B, Seidensticker M, Alt E (2011) Tracking long-term survival of intramyocardially delivered human adipose tissue-derived stem cells using bioluminescence imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 13(4):633–645

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banyard DA, Salibian AA, Widgerow AD, Evans GR (2015) Implications for human adipose-derived stem cells in plastic surgery. J Cell Mol Med 19(1):21–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellini E, Grieco MP, Raposio E (2017) The science behind autologous fat grafting. Ann Med Surg 24:65–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertozzi N, Simonacci F, Grieco MP, Grignaffini E, Raposio E (2017) The biological and clinical basis for the use of adipose-derived stem cells in the field of wound healing. Ann Med Surg 20:41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2017.06.058

  • Blaber SP, Webster RA, Hill CJ, Breen EJ, Kuah D, Vesey G, Herbert BR (2012) Analysis of in vitro secretion profiles from adipose-derived cell populations. J Transl Med 10:172. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-10-172

  • Borakati A, Mafi R, Mafi P, Khan WS (2018) A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cartilage repair. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 13(3):215–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourin P, Bunnell BA, Casteilla L, Dominici M, Katz AJ, March KL, Redl H et al (2013) Stromal cells from the adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction and culture expanded adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells: a joint statement of the International Federation for Adipose Therapeutics and Science (IFATS) and the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). Cytotherapy 15(6):641–648

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bustos ML, Huleihel L, Kapetanaki MG, Lino-Cardenas CL, Mroz L, Ellis BM, McVerry BJ et al (2014) Aging mesenchymal stem cells fail to protect because of impaired migration and antiinflammatory response. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 189(7):787–798

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Campana V, Milano G, Pagano E, Barba M, Cicione C, Salonna G, Lattanzi W, Logroscino G (2014) Bone substitutes in orthopaedic surgery: from basic science to clinical practice. J Mater Sci. Mater Med 25(10):2445–2461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-014-5240-2

  • Caplan AI (2017) Mesenchymal stem cells: time to change the name! Stem Cells Transl Med 6(6):1445–1451

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan AI (2019) Mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine. In: Principles of regen med. Academic Press, pp 219–227

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan AI, Dennis JE (2006) Mesenchymal stem cells as trophic mediators. J Cell Biochem 98(5):1076–1084

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Govea Y, De La Garza-Pineda O, Lara-Arias J, Chacón-Martínez H, Mecott-Rivera G, Salazar-Lozano A, Valdes-Flores E (2012) Cell-assisted lipotransfer for the treatment of parry-romberg syndrome. Arch Plastic Surg 39(6):659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cervelli V, Gentile P (2009) Use of cell fat mixed with platelet gel in progressive hemifacial atrophy. Aesthetic Plastic Surg 33(1):22–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cervelli V, Bocchini I, Di Pasquali C, De Angelis B, Cervelli G, Curcio CB, Orlandi A et al (2013) PRL platelet rich lipotransfert: our experience and current state of art in the combined use of fat and PRP. Biomed Res Int 2013(434191):2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers SM, Shaw CA, Gatza C, Fisk CJ, Donehower LA, Goodell MA (2007) Aging hematopoietic stem cells decline in function and exhibit epigenetic dysregulation. PLoS Biol 5(8):e201

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Tang L (2019) Stem cell senescence: the obstacle of the treatment of degenerative disk disease. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 14(8):654–668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhery MS, Badowski M, Muise A, Pierce J, Harris DT (2014) Cryopreservation of whole adipose tissue for future use in regenerative medicine. J Surg Res 187(1):24–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chu DT, Nguyen Thi Phuong T, Tien NLB, Tran DK, Minh LB, Thanh VV, Anh G et al (2019) Adipose tissue stem cells for therapy: an update on the progress of isolation, culture, storage, and clinical application. J Clin Med 8(7):917

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coelho M, Oliveira T, Fernandes R (2013) Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ. Arch Med Sci 9(2):191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen SR, Tiryaki T, Womack HA, Canikyan S, Schlaudraff KU, Scheflan M (2019) Cellular optimization of nanofat: comparison of two nanofat processing devices in terms of cell count and viability. In: Aesthetic surgery journal open forum, vol 1(4). Oxford University Press, p ojz028

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman SR (1995) Long-term survival of fat transplants: controlled demonstrations. Aesthetic Plast Surg 19(5):421–425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman SR (1997) Facial recontouring with lipostructure. Clin Plast Surg 24(2):347–367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman SR (2001) Structural fat grafts: the ideal filler? Clin Plast Surg 28(1):111–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman SR (2006) Structural fat grafting: more than a permanent filler. Plast Reconstr Surg 118(3S):108S–120S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman SR, Carraway JH (2002) Hand rejuvenation with structural fat grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg 110(7):1731–1744

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman SR, Saboeiro AP (2007) Fat grafting to the breast revisited: safety and efficacy. Plast Reconstr Surg 119(3):775–785

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comella K, Silbert R, Parlo M (2017) Effects of the intradiscal implantation of stromal vascular fraction plus platelet rich plasma in patients with degenerative disc disease. J Transl Med 15(1):1–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cousin B, Ravet E, Poglio S, De Toni F, Bertuzzi M, Lulka H, Touil I et al (2009) Adult stromal cells derived from human adipose tissue provoke pancreatic cancer cell death both in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 4(7):e6278

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cyranoski D (2010) Korean deaths spark inquiry: cases highlight the challenge of policing multinational trade in stem-cell treatments. Nature 468(7323):485–486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daley GQ, Hyun I, Apperley JF, Barker RA, Benvenisty N, Bredenoord AL, Breuer CK et al (2016) Setting global standards for stem cell research and clinical translation: the 2016 ISSCR guidelines. Stem Cell Rep 6(6):787–797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daumas A, Eraud J, Hautier A, Sabatier F, Magalon G, Granel B (2013) Interests and potentials of adipose tissue in scleroderma. La Revue de Medecine Interne 34(12):763–769

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis MJ, Perdanasari AT, Abu-Ghname A, Gonzalez SR, Chamata E, Rammos CK, Winocour SJ (2020) Application of fat grafting in cosmetic breast surgery. Semin Plast Surg 34(1):24–29. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700958

  • De Luca M, Aiuti A, Cossu G, Parmar M, Pellegrini G, Robey PG (2019) Advances in stem cell research and therapeutic development. Nat Cell Biol 21(7):801–811

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dominici MLBK, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini FC, Krause DS, Deans RJ, Keating A, Prockop DJ, Horwitz EM (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 8(4):315–317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egro F, Marra KG (2018) Soft tissue reconstruction. In: Bunnell BA, Gimble JM (eds) Adipose-derived stem cells. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1773. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7799-4_17

  • El-Sabbagh AH (2017) Modern trends in lipomodeling. GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández O, Izquierdo G, Fernández V, Leyva L, Reyes V, Guerrero M, León A et al (2018) Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSC) for the treatment of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: a triple blinded, placebo controlled, randomized phase I/II safety and feasibility study. PloS one 13(5):e0195891

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fillingham Y, Jacobs J (2016) Bone grafts and their substitutes. Bone Joint J 98-B(1 Suppl A):6–9. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.98B.36350

  • Frese L, Dijkman PE, Hoerstrup SP (2016) Adipose tissue-derived stem cells in regenerative medicine. Transfus Med Hemother 43(4):268–274

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Friedenstein AJ, Chailakhjan RK, Lalykina K (1970) The development of fibroblast colonies in monolayer cultures of guinea-pig bone marrow and spleen cells. Cell Prolif 3(4):393–403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedenstein AJ, Chailakhyan RK, Latsinik NV, Panasyuk AF, Keiliss-Borok IV (1974) Stromal cells responsible for transferring the microenvironment of the hemopoietic tissues: cloning in vitro and retransplantation in vivo. Transplantation 17(4):331–340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galipeau J, Sensébé L (2018) Mesenchymal stromal cells: clinical challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Stem Cell 22(6):824–833

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Olmo D, Herreros D, Pascual I, Pascual JA, Del-Valle E, Zorrilla J, De-La-Quintana P, Garcia-Arranz M, Pascual M (2009) Expanded adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of complex perianal fistula: a phase II clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum 52(1):79–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181973487

  • Gentile P (2019) Autologous cellular method using micrografts of human adipose tissue derived follicle stem cells in androgenic alopecia. Int J Mol Sci 20(14):3446

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gentile P, Garcovich S (2019) Concise review: adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and adipocyte-secreted exosomal microRNA (A-SE-miR) modulate cancer growth and promote wound repair. J Clin Med 8(6):855

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gentile P, De Angelis B, Pasin M, Cervelli G, Curcio CB, Floris M, Di Pasquali C et al (2014) Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells and platelet-rich plasma: basic and clinical evaluation for cell-based therapies in patients with scars on the face. J Craniofac Surg 25(1):267–272

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gentile P, Sterodimas A, Pizzicannella J, Dionisi L, De Fazio D, Calabrese C, Garcovich S (2020) Systematic review: allogenic use of Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) and Decellularized Extracellular Matrices (ECM) as Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) in tissue regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 21(14):4982

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Giannoudis PV, Einhorn TA, Marsh D (2007) Fracture healing: the diamond concept. Injury 38(Suppl 4):S3–S6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70003-2

  • Giannoudis P, Jones E, Yang X, McGonagle D (2013) Mesenchymal stem cells and skeletal regeneration. Acadeemic Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Gimble JM, Guilak F, Bunnell BA (2010) Clinical and preclinical translation of cell-based therapies using adipose tissue-derived cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 1(2):19

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gimble JM, Katz AJ, Bunnell BA (2007) Adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine. Circ Res 100(9):1249–1260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gir P, Oni G, Brown SA, Mojallal A, Rohrich RJ (2012) Human adipose stem cells: current clinical applications. Plast Reconstr Surg 129(6):1277–1290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glass GE, Ferretti P (2019) Adipose-derived stem cells in aesthetic surgery. Aesthetic Surg J 39(4):423–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gnecchi M, Zhang Z, Ni A, Dzau VJ (2008) Paracrine mechanisms in adult stem cell signaling and therapy. Circ Res 103(11):1204–1219. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.176826

  • Gnecchi M, Danieli P, Malpasso G, Ciuffreda MC (2016) Paracrine mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue repair. In: Mesenchymal stem cells. Humana Press, New York, NY, pp 123–146

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Granel B, Daumas A, Jouve E, Harlé JR, Nguyen PS, Chabannon C, Colavolpe N (2015) Safety, tolerability and potential efficacy of injection of autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction in the fingers of patients with systemic sclerosis: an open-label phase I trial. Ann Rheum Dis 74(12):2175–2182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grimes BR, Steiner CM, Merfeld-Clauss S, Traktuev DO, Smith D, Reese A, Breman AM (2009) Interphase FISH demonstrates that human adipose stromal cells maintain a high level of genomic stability in long-term culture. Stem Cells Dev 18(5):717–724

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groen JW, Negenborn VL, Twisk DJWR, Rizopoulos D, Ket JCF, Smit JM, Mullender MG (2016) Autologous fat grafting in onco-plastic breast reconstruction: a systematic review on oncological and radiological safety, complications, volume retention and patient/surgeon satisfaction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg 69(6):742–764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haenel A, Ghosn M, Karimi T, Vykoukal J, Shah D, Valderrabano M, Schulz DG et al (2019) Unmodified autologous stem cells at point of care for chronic myocardial infarction. World J Stem Cells 11(10):831

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Halme DG, Kessler DA (2006) FDA regulation of stem-cell-based therapies. N Engl J Med 355(16):1730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hara A, Sato D, Sahara Y (2014) New governmental regulatory system for stem cell—based therapies in Japan. Ther Innov Regul Sci 48(6):681–688. https://doi.org/10.1177/2168479014526877

  • Hong P, Yang H, Wu Y, Li K, Tang Z (2019) The functions and clinical application potential of exosomes derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells: a comprehensive review. Stem Cell Res Ther 10(1):242. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1358-y

  • Izadpanah R, Kaushal D, Kriedt C, Tsien F, Patel B, Dufour J, Bunnell BA (2008) Long-term in vitro expansion alters the biology of adult mesenchymal stem cells. Cancer Res 68(11):4229–4238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johal KS, Lees VC, Reid AJ (2015) Adipose-derived stem cells: selecting for translational success. Regen Med 10(1):79–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jokura Y, Yano K, Yamato M (2018) Comparison of the new Japanese legislation for expedited approval of regenerative medicine products with the existing systems in the USA and European Union. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 12(2):e1056–e1062. https://doi.org/10.1002/term.2428

  • Kang SK, Putnam LA, Ylostalo J, Popescu IR, Dufour J, Belousov A, Bunnell BA (2004) Neurogenesis of rhesus adipose stromal cells. J Cell Sci 117(18):4289–4299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamakura T, Ito K (2011) Autologous cell-enriched fat grafting for breast augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 35(6):1022–1030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karnoub AE, Dash AB, Vo AP, Sullivan A, Brooks MW, Bell GW, Richardson AL et al (2007) Mesenchymal stem cells within tumour stroma promote breast cancer metastasis. Nature 449(7162):557–563

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kern S, Eichler H, Stoeve J, Klüter H, Bieback K (2006) Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or adipose tissue. Stem Cells 24(5):1294–1301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khouri RK et al (2000) Nonsurgical breast enlargement using an external soft-tissue expansion system. Plast Reconstr Surg 105(7):2500–2512; discussion 2513–2514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khouri RK et al (2014) Aesthetic applications of Brava-assisted megavolume fat grafting to the breasts: a 9-year, 476-patient, multicenter experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 133(4):796–807; discussion 808–809

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khouri RK et al (2015) Tissue-engineered breast reconstruction with Brava-assisted fat grafting: a 7-year, 488-patient, multicenter experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 135(3):643–658

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim DS, Lee MW, Ko YJ, Chun YH, Kim HJ, Sung KW, Koo HH et al (2016) Cell culture density affects the proliferation activity of human adipose tissue stem cells. Cell Biochem Funct 34(1):16–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim M, Kim C, Choi YS, Kim M, Park C, Suh Y (2012a) Age-related alterations in mesenchymal stem cells related to shift in differentiation from osteogenic to adipogenic potential: implication to age-associated bone diseases and defects. Mech Ageing Dev 133(5):215–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YJ, Hwang SH, Lee SY, Shin KK, Cho HH, Bae YC, Jung JS (2012b) miR-486-5p induces replicative senescence of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and its expression is controlled by high glucose. Stem Cells Develop 21(10):1749–1760. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2011.0429

  • Klinger M, Lisa A, Klinger F, Giannasi S, Veronesi A, Banzatti B, Band V et al (2015) Regenerative approach to scars, ulcers and related problems with fat grafting. Clin Plast Surg 42(3):345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2015.03.008

  • Kokai LE, Marra K, Rubin JP (2014) Adipose stem cells: biology and clinical applications for tissue repair and regeneration. Transl Res J Labor Clin Med 163(4):399–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2013.11.009

  • Kølle SFT, Fischer-Nielsen A, Mathiasen AB, Elberg JJ, Oliveri RS, Glovinski PV, Kastrup J et al (2013) Enrichment of autologous fat grafts with ex-vivo expanded adipose tissue-derived stem cells for graft survival: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 382(9898):1113–1120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konomi K, Tobita M, Kimura K, Sato D (2015) New Japanese initiatives on stem cell therapies. Cell Stem Cell 16(4):350–352

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuno S, Yoshimura K (2015) Condensation of tissue and stem cells for fat grafting. Clin Plastic Surg 42(2):191–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kupcova Skalnikova H (2013) Proteomic techniques for characterisation of mesenchymal stem cell secretome. Biochimie 95(12):2196–2211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.015

  • Latief N, Raza FA, Bhatti FUR, Tarar MN, Khan SN, Riazuddin S (2016) Adipose stem cells differentiated chondrocytes regenerate damaged cartilage in rat model of osteoarthritis. Cell Biol Int 40(5):579–588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawall H, Bramlage P, Amann B (2010) Stem cell and progenitor cell therapy in peripheral artery disease. Thromb Hemost 103(04):696–709

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee HC, An SG, Lee HW, Park JS, Cha KS, Hong TJ, Park JH et al (2012a) Safety and effect of adipose tissue-derived stem cell implantation in patients with critical limb ischemia. Circ J 76(7):1750–1760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SK, Kim DW, Dhong ES, Park SH, Yoon ES (2012b) Facial soft tissue augmentation using autologous fat mixed with stromal vascular fraction. Arch Plast Surg 39(5):534

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SW, Min SO, Bak SY, Hwang HK, Kim KS (2015) Efficient endodermal induction of human adipose stem cells using various concentrations of Activin A for hepatic differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 464(4):1178–1184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CC, Hirasawa N, Garcia KG, Ramanathan D, Kim KD (2019) Stem and progenitor cell microenvironment for bone regeneration and repair. Regen Med 14:693–702. https://doi.org/10.2217/rme-2018-0044

  • Lewis CM (1991) Comparison of the syringe and pump aspiration methods of lipoplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 15(3):203–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02273858

  • Li J, Zhu L, Qu X, Li J, Lin R, Liao L, Wang J, Wang S, Xu Q, Zhao RC (2013) Stepwise differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells toward definitive endoderm and pancreatic progenitor cells by mimicking pancreatic development in vivo. Stem Cells Develop 22(10):1576–1587. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2012.0148

  • Lopa S, Colombini A, Moretti M, de Girolamo L (2019) Injective mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments for knee osteoarthritis: from mechanisms of action to current clinical evidences. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 27(6):2003–2020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lv FJ, Tuan RS, Cheung KM, Leung VY (2014) Concise review: the surface markers and identity of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 32(6):1408–1419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marino G, Moraci M, Armenia E, Orabona C, Sergio R, De Sena G, Capuozzo V (2013) Therapy with autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells for the care of chronic ulcer of lower limbs in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Surg Res 185(1):36–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marti J, Anton E, Valenti C (2004) Complications of bone marrow biopsy. Br J Hematol 124:557–558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto D, Sato K, Gonda K, Takaki Y, Shigeura T, Sato T, Aiba-Kojima E et al (2006) Cell-assisted lipotransfer: supportive use of human adipose-derived cells for soft tissue augmentation with lipoinjection. Tissue Eng 12(12):3375–3382

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maumus M, Peyrafitte JA, d'Angelo R, Fournier-Wirth C, Bouloumié A, Casteilla L, Sengenès C (2011) Native human adipose stromal cells: localization, morphology and phenotype. Int J Obes 35(9):1141–1153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazini L, Rochette L, Amine M, Malka G (2019) Regenerative capacity of adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs), comparison with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Int J Mol Sci 20(10):2523

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mesimäki K, Lindroos B, Törnwall J, Mauno J, Lindqvist C, Kontio R, Miettinen S, Suuronen R (2009) Novel maxillary reconstruction with ectopic bone formation by GMP adipose stem cells. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 38(3):201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2009.01.001

  • Miyagi-Shiohira C, Kurima K, Kobayashi N, Saitoh I, Watanabe M, Noguchi Y, Matsushita M et al (2015) Cryopreservation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Med 8(1–2):3–7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno H, Tobita M, Uysal AC (2012) Concise review: adipose-derived stem cells as a novel tool for future regenerative medicine. Stem Cells 30(5):804–810

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moll G, Ankrum JA, Kamhieh-Milz J, Bieback K, Ringdén O, Volk HD, Geissler S, Reinke P (2019) Intravascular mesenchymal stromal/stem cell therapy product diversification: time for new clinical guidelines. Trends Mol Med 25(2):149–163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moroni L, Fornasari PM (2013) Human mesenchymal stem cells: a bank perspective on the isolation, characterization and potential of alternative sources for the regeneration of musculoskeletal tissues. Cell Physiol 228(4):680–687

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muehlberg FL, Song YH, Krohn A, Pinilla SP, Droll LH, Leng X, Seidensticker M et al (2009) Tissue-resident stem cells promote breast cancer growth and metastasis. Carcinogenesis 30(4):589–597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI (2013) Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Exp Mol Med 45(11):e54–e54

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mushahary D, Spittler A, Kasper C, Weber V, Charwat V (2018) Isolation, cultivation, and characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cytometry A 93(1):19–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neri S, Guidotti S, Lilli NL, Cattini L, Mariani E (2017) Infrapatellar fat pad-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from osteoarthritis patients: in vitro genetic stability and replicative senescence. J Ortho Res 35(5):1029–1037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ntege EH, Sunami H, Shimizu Y (2020) Advances in regenerative therapy: a review of the literature and future directions. Regen Ther 14:136–153

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ojeh N, Pastar I, Tomic-Canic M, Stojadinovic O (2015) Stem cells in skin regeneration, wound healing, and their clinical applications. Int J Mol Sci 16(10):25476–25501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oranges CM, Striebel J, Tremp M, Madduri S, Kalbermatten DF, Harder Y, Schaefer DJ (2019) The preparation of the recipient site in fat grafting: a comprehensive review of the preclinical evidence. Plast Reconstr Surg 143(4):1099–1107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pachón-Peña G, Yu G, Tucker A, Wu X, Vendrell J, Bunnell BA, Gimble JM (2011) Stromal stem cells from adipose tissue and bone marrow of age-matched female donors display distinct immunophenotypic profiles. J Cell Physiol 226(3):843–851

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park CW, Kim KS, Bae S, Son HK, Myung PK, Hong HJ, Kim H (2009) Cytokine secretion profiling of human mesenchymal stem cells by antibody array. Int J Stem Cells 2(1):59–68. https://doi.org/10.15283/ijsc.2009.2.1.59

  • Patrikoski M, Mannerström B, Miettinen S (2019) Perspectives for clinical translation of adipose stromal/stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Perlee D, van Vught LA, Scicluna BP, Maag A, Lutter R, Kemper EM, van‘t Veer C et al (2018) Intravenous infusion of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells modifies the host response to lipopolysaccharide in humans: a randomized, single-blind, parallel group, placebo controlled trial. Stem Cells 36(11):1778–1788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pu LL, Coleman SR, Cui X, Ferguson RE Jr, Vasconez HC (2008) Autologous fat grafts harvested and refined by the Coleman technique: a comparative study. Plast Reconstr 122(3):932–937

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raposio E, Caruana G, Bonomini S, Libondi G (2014) A novel and effective strategy for the isolation of adipose-derived stem cells: minimally manipulated adipose-derived stem cells for more rapid and safe stem cell therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 133(6):1406–1409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raposio E, Simonacci F, Perrotta RE (2017) Adipose-derived stem cells: comparison between two methods of isolation for clinical applications. Ann Med Surg 20:87–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratajczak MZ, Zuba-Surma E, Wojakowski W, Suszynska M, Mierzejewska K, Liu R, Ratajczak J et al (2014) Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) represent a real challenge in stem cell biology: recent pros and cons in the midst of a lively debate. Leukemia 28(3):473–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rigotti G, Marchi A, Galie M, Baroni G, Benati D, Krampera M, Pasini A et al (2007) Clinical treatment of radiotherapy tissue damage by lipoaspirate transplant: a healing process mediated by adipose-derived adult stem cells. Plast Reconstr Surg 119(5):1409–1422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riss TL, Moravec RA, Niles AL, Duellman S, Benink HA, Worzella TJ, Minor L (2016) Cell viability assays. In: Assay guidance manual (Internet). Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences

    Google Scholar 

  • Robey P (2017) Mesenchymal stem cells: fact or fiction, and implications in their therapeutic use. F1000Research 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodbell M (1964) Localization of lipoprotein lipase in fat cells of rat adipose tissue. J Biol Chem 239(3):753–755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubio D, Garcia-Castro J, Martín MC, de la Fuente R, Cigudosa JC, Lloyd AC, Bernad A (2005) Spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Res 65(8):3035–3039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salgado AJ, Reis RL, Sousa NJ, Gimble JM (2010) Adipose tissue derived stem cells secretome: soluble factors and their roles in regenerative medicine. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 5(2):103–110. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488810791268564

  • Schinköthe T, Bloch W, Schmidt A (2008) In vitro secreting profile of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Develop 17(1):199–206. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2007.0175

  • Sethe S, Scutt A, Stolzing A (2006) Aging of mesenchymal stem cells. Ageing Res Rev 5(1):91–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla L, Morrison WA, Shayan R (2015) Adipose-derived stem cells in radiotherapy injury: a new frontier. Front Surg 2:1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Simonacci F, Bertozzi N, Grieco MP, Grignaffini E, Raposio E (2017) Procedure, applications, and outcomes of autologous fat grafting. Ann Med Surg 20:49–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sipp D, Robey PG, Turner L (2018) Clear up this stem-cell mess. Nature 561(7724):455–457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skalnikova HK (2013) Proteomic techniques for characterisation of mesenchymal stem cell secretome. Biochimie 95(12):2196–2211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith RM, Schaefer MK, Kainer MA, Wise M, Finks J, Duwve J, Fontaine E (2013) Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone injections. N Engl J Med 369(17):1598–1609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder AG, Hubbard NW, Messmer MN, Kofman SB, Hagan CE, Orozco SL, Chiang K et al (2019) Intratumoral activation of the necroptotic pathway components RIPK1 and RIPK3 potentiates antitumor immunity. Sci Immunol 4(36)

    Google Scholar 

  • Solakoglu Ö, Götz W, Kiessling MC, Alt C, Schmitz C, Alt EU (2019) Improved guided bone regeneration by combined application of unmodified, fresh autologous adipose derived regenerative cells and plasma rich in growth factors: a first-in-human case report and literature review. World J Stem Cells 11(2):124

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y, Du H, Dai C, Zhang L, Li S, Hunter DJ, Lu L et al (2018) Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for osteoarthritis: a pilot study with long-term follow-up and repeated injections. Regen Med 13(3):295–307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spaeth EL, Dembinski JL, Sasser AK, Watson K, Klopp A, Hall B, Andreeff M et al (2013) Correction: mesenchymal stem cell transition to tumor-associated fibroblasts contributes to fibrovascular network expansion and tumor progression. PLoS One 8(3)

    Google Scholar 

  • Squillaro T, Peluso G, Galderisi U (2016) Clinical trials with mesenchymal stem cells: an update. Cell Transplant 25(5):829–848

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanko P, Altanerova U, Jakubechova J, Repiska V, Altaner C (2018) Dental mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their exosomes. Stem Cells Int 2018

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajima S, Tobita M, Mizuno H (2018) Current status of bone regeneration using adipose-derived stem cells. Histol Histopathol 33:619–627. https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-11-942

  • Tarallo M, Fino P, Ribuffo D, Casella D, Toscani M, Spalvieri C, Lattanzi W, Di Taranto G (2018) Liposuction aspirate fluid adipose-derived stem cell injection and secondary healing in fingertip injury: a pilot study. Plast Reconstr Surg 142(1):136–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tatsumi K, Ohashi K, Matsubara Y, Kohori A, Ohno T, Kakidachi H, Horii A et al (2013) Tissue factor triggers procoagulation in transplanted mesenchymal stem cells leading to thromboembolism. Biochem Bioiophys Res Comm 431(2):203–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira FG, Carvalho MM, Sousa N, Salgado AJ (2013) Mesenchymal stem cells secretome: a new paradigm for central nervous system regeneration? Cell Mol Life Sci 70(20):3871–3882

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas JD, Kehoe JL (2020) Bone nonunion. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiryaki T, Findikli N, Tiryaki D (2011) Staged stem cell-enriched tissue (SET) injections for soft tissue augmentation in hostile recipient areas: a preliminary report. Aesthetic Plast Surg 35(6):965–971

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobita M, Orbay H, Mizuno H (2011) Adipose-derived stem cells: current findings and future perspectives. Discov Med 11(57):160–170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torsvik A, Røsland GV, Svendsen A, Molven A, Immervoll H, McCormack E, Lønning PE et al (2010) Spontaneous malignant transformation of human mesenchymal stem cells reflects cross-contamination: putting the research field on track–letter. Cancer Res 70(15):6393–6396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toyserkani NM, Jørgensen MG, Tabatabaeifar S, Jensen CH, Sheikh SP, Sørensen JA (2017) Concise review: a safety assessment of adipose-derived cell therapy in clinical trials: a systematic review of reported adverse events. Stem Cells Transl Med 6(9):1786–1794

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Traktuev DO, Merfeld-Clauss S, Li J, Kolonin M, Arap W, Pasqualini R, Johnstone BH et al (2008) A population of multipotent CD34-positive adipose stromal cells share pericyte and mesenchymal surface markers, reside in a periendothelial location, and stabilize endothelial networks. Circ Res 102(1):77–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuji W, Valentin JE, Marra KG, Donnenberg AD, Donnenberg VS, Rubin JP (2018) An animal model of local breast cancer recurrence in the setting of autologous fat grafting for breast reconstruction. Stem Cells Trans Med 7(1):125–134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner A, Abu-Ghname A, Davis MJ, Winocour SJ, Hanson SE, Chu CK (2020) Fat grafting in breast reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg 34(1):17–23. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700959

  • Uccelli A, Moretta L, Pistoia V (2008) Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 8(9):726–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Robin LR, Roncari DA (1977) Isolation of fat cell precursors from adult rat adipose tissue. Cell Tissue Res 181(2):197–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vishwakarma A, Sharpe P, Shi S, Ramalingam M (eds) (2014) Stem cell biology and tissue engineering in dental sciences. Academic Press; Stem Cell Key Terms. Available online: https://www.cirm.ca.gov/patients/stem-cell-key-terms. Accessed on 16 Apr 2020

    Google Scholar 

  • Vizoso FJ, Eiro N, Cid S, Schneider J, Perez-Fernandez R (2017) Mesenchymal stem cell secretome: toward cell-free therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine. Int J Mol Sci 18(9):1852

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakitani S, Imoto K, Yamamoto T, Saito M, Murata N, Yoneda M (2002) Human autologous culture expanded bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation for repair of cartilage defects in osteoarthritic knees. Osteoarthr Cartil 10(3):199–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Song W, Chen B, Liu X, He Y (2019) Exosomes isolated from adipose-derived stem cells: a new cell-free approach to prevent the muscle degeneration associated with torn rotator cuffs. Am J Sports Med 47(13):3247–3255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519876323

  • Wang L, Lu Y, Luo X, Fu MG, Hu X, Dong H, Fan ZH (2012) Cell-assisted lipotransfer for breast augmentation: a report of 18 patients. Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi 28(1):1–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss A, Dahlke MH (2019) Immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): mechanisms of action of living, apoptotic, and dead MSCs. Front Immunol 10:1191. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01191

  • Winnier GE, Valenzuela N, Peters-Hall J, Kellner J, Alt C, Alt EU (2019) Isolation of adipose tissue derived regenerative cells from human subcutaneous tissue with or without the use of an enzymatic reagent. PLoS One 14(9):e0221457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong M, Zhang Q, Hu W, Zhao C, Lv W, Yi Y, Wu Y, Wu M (2020) Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells: the emerging roles and applications in tissue regeneration of plastic and cosmetic surgery. Front Cell Develop Biol 8:574223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.574223

  • Yoshimura K, Asano Y, Aoi N, Kurita M, Oshima Y, Sato K, Inoue K et al (2010) Progenitor-enriched adipose tissue transplantation as rescue for breast implant complications. Breast J 16(2):169–175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura K, Sato K, Aoi N, Kurita M, Hirohi T, Harii K (2008) Cell-assisted lipotransfer for cosmetic breast augmentation: supportive use of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells. Aesthetic Plast Surg 32(1):48–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura K, Shigeura T, Matsumoto D, Sato T, Takaki Y, Aiba-Kojima E, Sato K et al (2006) Characterization of freshly isolated and cultured cells derived from the fatty and fluid portions of liposuction aspirates. J Cell Physiol 208(1):64–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Cui J, Liu X, Lv B, Liu X, Xie Z, Yu B (2015a) Roles of microRNA-34a targeting SIRT1 in mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 6(1):1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Huang X, Wang H, Liu X, Zhang T, Wang Y, Hu D (2015b) The challenges and promises of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for use as a cell-based therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 6(1):234

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerlin L, Donnenberg VS, Rubin JP, Donnenberg AD (2013) Mesenchymal markers on human adipose stem/progenitor cells. Cytometry A 83(1):134–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zocchi ML, Zuliani F (2008) Bicompartmental breast lipostructuring. Aesthet Plast Surg 32(2):313–328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuk PA, Zhu MIN, Mizuno H, Huang J, Futrell JW, Katz AJ, Benhaim P et al (2001) Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 7(2):211–228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

    Yusuke Shimizu & Edward Hosea Ntege

  2. Center for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

    Hiroshi Sunami

Authors
  1. Yusuke Shimizu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Edward Hosea Ntege
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hiroshi Sunami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yusuke Shimizu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia

    Khawaja H. Haider

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al Bukayriyah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Khawaja Husnain Haider

  2. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    SA Riazuddin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Shimizu, Y., Ntege, E.H., Sunami, H. (2022). Adipose tissue-derived regenerative cell-based therapies: Current optimisation strategies for effective treatment in aesthetic surgery. In: Haider, K.H. (eds) Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_35-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_35-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-16-6016-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-16-6016-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation