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Current State of Stem Cell Therapy for Heart Diseases

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Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy

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Abstract

Heart disease is very common among older adults and is one of the main causes of death worldwide. With age, the functionality of the heart will decrease following the changes in the cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissue. Generally, the number of cardiomyocytes will decrease, the number of senescent cells will increase, the cardiac tissue will become thicker, and the contractility will diminish. Besides, heart diseases such as myocardial infarction and heart failure also will reduce the functionality of the heart. Currently, heart disease is normally treated with medication and surgery. In severe conditions, the patient will be recommended to opt for a heart transplant. However, medication and surgery cannot reverse the pathological changes in the heart, and it is very difficult to find a suitable heart for transplantation. Stem cell therapy offers a glimpse of hope to these patients as the cells can stimulate the proliferation of cardiac progenitor cells and cardiomyocytes as well as secrete the paracrine factors which modulate the tissue environment to promote regeneration. Even though stem cells, e.g., mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs), have been shown to differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro, however, there is a lack of evidence to prove that the transplanted cells can reconstitute the myocardium in vivo. The number of clinical trials using stem cells to treat heart disease is still very limited. Results from these trials suggested that stem cell therapy is safe and provides certain benefits to the patients. Nonetheless, there is still a long way to go for the researchers to identify the ideal cell source and therapy protocol to achieve a greater therapeutic effect.

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Abbreviations

ACE:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

AF:

Atrial fibrillation

AMI:

Acute myocardial infarction

Ang-1:

Angiopoietin-1

ARB:

Angiotensin receptor blocker

ASCs:

Adipose-derived stromal cells

bFGF:

Basic fibroblast growth factor

BM:

Bone marrow

BMMC:

Bone marrow mononuclear cell

BMSCs:

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

CAD:

Coronary artery disease

CCS:

Canadian Cardiovascular Society

CPCs:

Cardiac progenitor cells

CSCs:

Cardiac stem cells

CT:

Computed tomography

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

eNOS:

Human endothelial nitric oxide synthase

EPCs:

Endothelial progenitor cells

ESC:

Embryonic stem cell

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth factor

HLHS:

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

I/C:

Intracoronary

I/V:

Intravenous

IDO:

Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

IL:

Interleukin

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cell

ISCT:

International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy

LVAD:

Left ventricular assist device

LVDd:

Left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter

LVEDV:

Left ventricular end-diastolic volume

LVEF:

Left ventricular ejection fraction

LVESV:

Left ventricular end-systolic volume

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1

MI:

Myocardial infarction

MLHFQ:

Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire

MNCs:

Mononuclear cells

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cell

NO:

Nitric oxide

NYHA:

New York Heart Association

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

PGF:

Placental growth factor

PLLA:

Poly-L-lactic acid

PSI:

Perfusion score index

RA:

Refractory angina

RCTs:

Randomized controlled trials

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SAQ:

Seattle Angina Questionnaire

SPECT:

Single-photon emission computed tomography

T/E:

Transendocardial

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-beta

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

UC-MSCs:

Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

WMSI:

Left ventricular-wall motion score index

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by research grants (FF-2019-450/1 and FF-2020-038) from the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiothoracic Department, Serdang Hospital, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Yong Sheng Tan

  2. Future Cytohealth Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Qi Hao Looi

  3. Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Nadiah Sulaiman, Min Hwei Ng & Jia Xian Law

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  1. Yong Sheng Tan
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  2. Qi Hao Looi
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  3. Nadiah Sulaiman
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  4. Min Hwei Ng
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  5. Jia Xian Law
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Correspondence to Jia Xian Law .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia

    Khawaja H. Haider

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  1. Cardiac surgery, Health Sciences North, Sudbury, Canada

    Rony Atoui

  2. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain

    Maria Alvarez-Viejo

  3. Sulaiman AlRajhi Medical School, Al Bukairiyah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Khawaja Husnain Haider

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Tan, Y.S., Looi, Q.H., Sulaiman, N., Ng, M.H., Law, J.X. (2022). Current State of Stem Cell Therapy for Heart Diseases. In: Haider, K.H. (eds) Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_10-1

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