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Lower Urinary Tract Disease and Their Objective and Noninvasive Biomarkers

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General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications

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Abstract

Lower urinary tract diseases are highly prevalent among adults; this prevalence increases with age, and lower urinary tract diseases negatively impacts health-related quality of life. Given their chronic course, lower urinary tract diseases require an accurate diagnosis and persistent management. However, the diagnosis of and monitoring for lower urinary tract disease is challenging because of the lack of adequate biomarkers. Urodynamic studies, which are considered one of the most objective biomarkers for lower urinary tract dysfunction, are invasive, expensive, and time consuming. Therefore, new objective and noninvasive biomarkers for lower urinary tract disease are currently being studied. Imaging biomarkers such as the bladder wall thickness, bladder weight, intravesical prostatic protrusion, and resistive index of prostatic blood flow, as determined by ultrasonography, have been used to evaluate lower urinary tract disease. Among the urinary biomarkers, nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, prostaglandin, and cytokine levels have been analyzed and evaluated. Among the serum biomarkers, sex hormone and C-reactive protein levels, which are related to the inflammatory pathophysiology of lower urinary tract disease, have been evaluated. The possibility of using genetic biomarker for lower urinary tract disease is also being explored. Although there are some limitations to the current applications of these biomarkers, these will be overcome by further research and investigation on noninvasive, objective, highly sensitive, and specific biomarkers for lower urinary tract disease in the near future.

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Abbreviations

AAG:

Androstanediol Glucuronide

APF:

Antiproliferative Factor

ATP:

Adenosine Triphosphate

BDNF:

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

BOO:

Bladder Outlet Obstruction

BPH:

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

BWT:

Bladder Wall Thickness

CRP:

C-reactive Protein

DHT:

Dihydrotestosterone

DO:

Detrusor Overactivity

DUA:

Detrusor Underactivity

DWT:

Detrusor Wall Thickness

ELISA:

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

fMRI:

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

GAG:

Glycosaminoglycan

IC/BPS:

Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome

IL:

Interleukin

IPP:

Intravesical Prostate Protrusion

LUTS:

Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

MCP:

Monocyte Chemotactic Protein

NGF:

Nerve Growth Factor

NO:

Nitric Oxide

OAB:

Overactive Bladder

PG:

Prostaglandin

QoL:

Quality of Life

RI:

Resistive Index

SUI:

Stress Urinary Incontinence

TrkA:

Tyrosine Kinase Receptor A

UDS:

Urodynamic Study

UEBW:

Ultrasound-Estimated Bladder Weight

US:

Ultrasonography

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, 327 Sosa-Ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea

    Kang Jun Cho & Joon Chul Kim

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  1. Kang Jun Cho
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  2. Joon Chul Kim
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Correspondence to Joon Chul Kim .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Cho, K.J., Kim, J.C. (2014). Lower Urinary Tract Disease and Their Objective and Noninvasive Biomarkers. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7740-8_35-1

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