Skip to main content

Aging Genital Skin and Hormone Replacement Therapy Benefits

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Textbook of Aging Skin
  • 284 Accesses

Abstract

Menopause is heralded by dramatic changes: the cessation of menses, a loss of fertility, and a precipitous drop in the level of estrogen. These alterations in body functions create new concerns for a woman, including bone thinning and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular maladies, as well as continued surveillance for breast, ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancers. Add to this quality-of-life issues, including lower genital tract epithelial atrophy, one result of low estrogen. These problems often get short shrift from the physicians caring for these women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 1,099.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,699.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rossouw TE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomize controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Age and fertility: a guide for patients (patient information series). Birmingham: American Society for Reproductive Medicine; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hillier SL, Lau RJ. Vaginal microflora in post-menopausal women who have not received estrogen replacement therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25 Suppl 2:S123–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Pabich WL, Fihn SD, Stamm WE, et al. Prevalence and determinants of vaginal flora alternations in post-menopausal women. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:1054–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Raz R, Stamm WE. A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in post-menopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infection. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:753–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sobel JD. Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: a new subgroup of purulent vaginitis responsive to topical 2% clindamycin therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;171:1215–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Farage M, Singh M, Ledger WJ. Investigation of the sensitivity of a cross-polarized light visualization system to detect subclinical erythema and dryness in women with vulvovagintis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201:1e1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Pfeilschifter J, Kodtiz R, Pfohl M, et al. Changes in proinflammatory cytokine activity after menopause. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:90–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hancock REW. Lationic peptides: effectors in innate immunity and novel antimocrobials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1:156–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Addison WA, Livengood III CH, Hill GB, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis of vulvar origin in diabetes patients. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;63:473–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hulley S, Grady B, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in post-menopausal women. JAMA. 1998;280:605–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA. 2007;297:1465–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL, et al. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in post-menopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:573–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhou X, Bent SJ, Schneider MG, et al. Characterization of vaginal microbial communities in adult healthy women using cultivation-independent methods. Micro. 2004;150:2565–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. O’Hanlon DE, Lanier BR, Moench TR, et al. Cervicovaginal fluid and semen block the microbicidal activity of hydrogen peroxide produced by vaginal Lactobacilli. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:120.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Stamm WE, Raz R. Factors contributing to susceptibility of post-menopausal women to recurrent urinary tract infections. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:723–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hooton TM, Schoks D, Hughes HP, et al. A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic uninary tract infections in young women. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:468–74.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to William J. Ledger .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Ledger, W.J. (2017). Aging Genital Skin and Hormone Replacement Therapy Benefits. In: Farage, M., Miller, K., Maibach, H. (eds) Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47398-6_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47398-6_26

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-47397-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-47398-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics