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Agroforestry: Essential for Sustainable and Climate-Smart Land Use?

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Tropical Forestry Handbook

Abstract

Over the past four decades, a solid body of research has revealed the potential of agroforestry for increasing or maintaining system productivity while protecting natural resources and providing environmental services, including pollination, pest control/prevention, carbon sequestration, and the conservation of soil health, water quality, and biodiversity. Thus, agroforestry is well suited as a central tool for “sustainable intensification” within a land use paradigm that should be based, in alignment with a recent call by FAO, much more on biology and agroecology, rather than on chemistry and fossil fuels. With success stories from around the world and new methodological tools for valuing also environmental services, we can now apply these tools to design practices and systems that match the outputs of sustainable crop, tree, and animal agroforestry systems to the local needs. To custom-tailor the systems to the respective environmental and socioeconomic conditions, and rise to the challenge of sustainably producing more food that is less contaminated and less contaminating, we should advance in the following directions: (i) expand the species characterizations, (ii) widen the scope of plants and animals used and include “neglected and underutilized species” (NUS), (iii) intensify work on “using” beneficial soil organisms for soil and plant health, (iv) optimize the system design and management to maximize resource use efficiency and minimize pest incidence, (v) create climate-smart and pest-suppressive landscapes, and, finally, (vi) advance toward more holistic socioeconomic assessments including an improved valuation of environmental services. A call is made to apply also relevant experiences from other fields such as biointensive or organic production, urban agriculture, and permaculture.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For the roles of agroforestry for biodiversity conservation, see Schroth et al. (2004), and for the provision of ecosystem services, see Rapidel et al. (2011).

  2. 2.

    In the ideal agroforestry system, also the reverse is true: crops will improve the environment for the trees, e.g., through contributions of biologically fixed atmospheric N from N-fixing crops which can benefit the trees.

  3. 3.

    A good starting point is the USDA National Nutrient Database at www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/index.html

  4. 4.

    http://nationalzoo.si.edu/SCBI/MigratoryBirds/Coffee/default.cfm

  5. 5.

    The definition of what is “sufficiently high” depends on the ecological factors which determine or limit the capacity of “reconstruction.” Clearly, once all topsoil has been eroded, plant growth in the subsoil is greatly inhibited and the recuperation may be limited to the much slower processes of “primary succession” rather than “secondary succession,” requiring decades or even more time.

  6. 6.

    In agroecological crop production, the association of compatible crops, such as tomatoes intercropped with carrots, can prevent and suppress diseases and may increase production; see also “companion planting” and “list of companion plants” at Wikipedia.

  7. 7.

    The negative experiences with the monoclonal large-scale plantations of banana varieties illustrate the high susceptibility of such plantations to specialized diseases such as Mycosphaerella or to nematodes. When highly productive clones of cacao are planted, it may be best to establish “polyclones,” i.e., mixes of different clones, in the plantations to reduce the risks associated with disease and pest susceptibility (Phillips-Mora et al. 2013).

  8. 8.

    Hubert Sauper 2004. Darwin’s Nightmare. An Austrian-French-Belgian documentary. Nominated for the 2006 Academy Award for Documentary Feature. 102 min. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV7Y9FHcdFk

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  1. Agroecology and Agrobiodiversity, Agroforestry and Sustainable Agriculture Program, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica

    Reinhold G. Muschler

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    Laslo Pancel

  2. Inst. Weltforstwirtschaft, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, Hamburg, Germany

    Michael Köhl

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Muschler, R.G. (2015). Agroforestry: Essential for Sustainable and Climate-Smart Land Use?. In: Pancel, L., Köhl, M. (eds) Tropical Forestry Handbook. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_300-1

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