Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Family Cystobacteraceae

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
The Prokaryotes

Abstract

Myxobacteria are a group of eubacteria classified in the order Myxococcales, further subdivided into two suborders and eight families. These unique microorganisms exhibit distinctive social behavior and morphogenetic characteristics, such as the ability to form myxospores and fruiting bodies. Cellular aggregation is an important feature that allows these microorganisms to adapt to almost every environment.

The genomic features of myxobacteria are also peculiar. Myxobacterial genomes are large, approximately 10 Mb, which may explain, in part, their unique morphophysiological behavior. Hence, myxobacteria are relevant targets for basic microbiological research, including the areas of ecology and morphogenesis. They are also interesting alternatives for the screening of new bioactive molecules, with production that may reach the levels of well-recognized bacterial producers such as Actinomycetes and Bacillus spp. Since the last decades of the twentieth century, a great effort has been made to isolate and characterize myxobacterial secondary metabolites. Antifungal and antibacterial agents are the most common compounds identified to date. However, other important metabolite activities, such as cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cell lines, suggest their potential applications in biotechnology and pharmaceutical industrial research.

Here, some important features of the genera and species of the Cystobacteraceae family, which was established in 1970, are described. The inclusion of new members and genera is still taking place as previously unknown myxobacteria are characterized. In addition, important ecological, genomic, phylogenetic, and morphophysiological questions are discussed and some of the genetic and physiological components that assure the ecological adaptability of these bacteria in highly variable habitats (both soil and water) are described. Finally, ongoing research and future perspectives are summarized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 699.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 799.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/

  2. 2.

    Available at http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/c/cystobacter.html

  3. 3.

    Accession in 01.21.13, available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/MICROBES/microbial_taxtree.html

References

  • Berkeley MJ, Curtis MA (1874) Notices of the North American fungi. Grevillea 3:49–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockman ER, Boyd WL (1963) Myxobacteria from soils of the Alaskan and Canadian arctic. J Bacteriol 86:605–606

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardenas E, Wu WM, Leigh MB, Carley J, Carroll S, Gentry T, Luo J, Watson D, Gu B, Ginder-Vogel M, Kitanidis PK, Jardine PM, Zhou J, Criddle CS, Marsh TL, Tiedje JM (2008) Microbial communities in contaminated sediments, associated with bioremediation of uranium to submicromolar levels. Appl Environ Microbiol 74(12):3718–3729

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chao TC, Kalinowski J, Nyalwidhe J, Hansmeier N (2010) Comprehensive proteome profiling of the Fe(III)-reducing myxobacterium Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans 2CP-C during growth with fumarate and ferric citrate. Proteomics 10(8):1673–1684

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawid W (1979) Occurrence and distribution of fruiting body-forming myxobacteria in Siebengebirge. Comparative studies with special reference to characteristic biotypes. Z Allg Mikrobiol 19(10):705–719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawid W (2000) Biology and global distribution of myxobacteria in soils. FEMS Microbiol Rev 24(4):403–427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawid W, Gallikowski CA, Hirsch P (1988) Psychrophilic myxobacteria from Antarctic soils. Polarforschung 58:271–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin M (1996) Recent advances in the social and developmental biology of the myxobacteria. Microbiol Rev 60(1):70–102

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Euzeby J (2007) List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57(Pt 5):893–897

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng Z, Qi J, Tsuge T, Oba Y, Kobayashi T, Suzuki Y, Sakagami Y, Ojika M (2005) Construction of a bacterial artificial chromosome library for a myxobacterium of the genus Cystobacter and characterization of an antibiotic biosynthetic gene cluster. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69(7):1372–1380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank B, Wenzel SC, Bode HB, Scharfe M, Blocker H, Muller R (2007) From genetic diversity to metabolic unity: studies on the biosynthesis of aurafurones and aurafuron-like structures in myxobacteria and streptomycetes. J Mol Biol 374(1):24–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaitatzis N, Silakowski B, Kunze B, Nordsiek G, Blocker H, Hofle G, Muller R (2002) The biosynthesis of the aromatic myxobacterial electron transport inhibitor stigmatellin is directed by a novel type of modular polyketide synthase. J Biol Chem 277(15):13082–13090

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia RO, Krug D, Muller R (2009) Chapter 3. Discovering natural products from myxobacteria with emphasis on rare producer strains in combination with improved analytical methods. Methods Enzymol 458:59–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia R, Gerth K, Stadler M, Dogma IJ Jr, Muller R (2010) Expanded phylogeny of myxobacteria and evidence for cultivation of the “unculturables”. Mol Phylogenet Evol 57(2):878–887

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia R, Pistorius D, Stadler M, Muller R (2011) Fatty acid-related phylogeny of myxobacteria as an approach to discover polyunsaturated omega-3/6 fatty acids. J Bacteriol 193(8):1930–1942

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerth K, Irschik H, Reichenbach H, Trowitzsch W (1980) Myxothiazol, an antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus (myxobacterales). I. Cultivation, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 33(12):1474–1479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerth K, Jansen R, Reifenstahl G, Hofle G, Irschik H, Kunze B, Reichenbach H, Thierbach G (1983) The myxalamids, new antibiotics from Myxococcus xanthus (myxobacterales). I. Production, physico-chemical and biological properties, and mechanism of action. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 36(9):1150–1156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerth K, Bedorf N, Hofle G, Irschik H, Reichenbach H (1996) Epothilons A and B: antifungal and cytotoxic compounds from Sorangium cellulosum (myxobacteria). Production, physico-chemical and biological properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 49(6):560–563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross H (2007) Strategies to unravel the function of orphan biosynthesis pathways: recent examples and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 75(2):267–277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He Q, Sanford RA (2003) Characterization of Fe(III) reduction by chlororespiring Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(5):2712–2718

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He Q, Yao K (2011) Impact of alternative electron acceptors on selenium(IV) reduction by Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans. Bioresour Technol 102(3):3578–3580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams ST (1994) Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Hook LA (1977) Distribution of myxobacters in aquatic habitats of an alkaline bog. Appl Environ Microbiol 34(3):333–335

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huntley S, Hamann N, Wegener-Feldbrugge S, Treuner-Lange A, Kube M, Reinhardt R, Klages S, Muller R, Ronning CM, Nierman WC, Sogaard-Andersen L (2011) Comparative genomic analysis of fruiting body formation in myxococcales. Mol Biol Evol 28(2):1083–1097

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iizuka T, Jojima Y, Fudou R, Yamanaka S (1998) Isolation of myxobacteria from the marine environment. FEMS Microbiol Lett 169(2):317–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahn E (1924) Beitäge zur botanischen protistologie. I: die polyangiden. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang DM, Wu ZH, Zhao JY, Li YZ (2007) Fruiting and non-fruiting myxobacteria: a phylogenetic perspective of cultured and uncultured members of this group. Mol Phylogenet Evol 44(2):545–552

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang DM, Kato C, Zhou XW, Wu ZH, Sato T, Li YZ (2010) Phylogeographic separation of marine and soil myxobacteria at high levels of classification. ISME J 4(12):1520–1530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser D, Crosby C (1983) Cell movement and its coordination in swarms of Myxococcus xanthus. Cell Motil 3:227–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krzemieniewska H, Krzemieniewski S (1946) Myxobacteria of the species Chondromyces Berkeley and Curtis. Bull Acad Polon Sci Lettr Classe Sci Math Nat Sér B I:31–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Kühlwein H (1950) Beiträge zur biologie und entwicklungsgeschichte der myxobakterien. Arch Mikrobiol 14:678–704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunze B, Kemmer T, Hofle G, Reichenbach H (1984) Stigmatellin, a new antibiotic from Stigmatella aurantiaca (Myxobacterales). I. Production, physico-chemical and biological properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 37(5):454–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunze B, Hofle G, Reichenbach H (1987) The aurachins, new quinoline antibiotics from myxobacteria: production, physico-chemical and biological properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 40(3):258–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunze B, Reichenbach H, Muller R, Hofle G (2005) Aurafuron A and B, new bioactive polyketides from Stigmatella aurantiaca and Archangium gephyra (Myxobacteria). Fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties, structure and biological activity. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 58(4):244–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Muller R (2009) Non-modular polyketide synthases in myxobacteria. Phytochemistry 70(15–16):1850–1857

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li YZ, Hu W, Zhang YQ, Qiu Z, Zhang Y, Wu BH (2002) A simple method to isolate salt-tolerant myxobacteria from marine samples. J Microbiol Methods 50(2):205–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loffler FE, Sanford RA, Tiedje JM (1996) Initial characterization of a reductive dehalogenase from desulfitobacterium chlororespirans Co23. Appl Environ Microbiol 62(10):3809–3813

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall MJ, Dohnalkova AC, Kennedy DW, Plymale AE, Thomas SH, Loffler FE, Sanford RA, Zachara JM, Fredrickson JK, Beliaev AS (2009) Electron donor-dependent radionuclide reduction and nanoparticle formation by Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2CP-C. Environ Microbiol 11(2):534–543

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCurdy HD (1969) Studies on the taxonomy of the myxobacterales. I. Record of Canadian isolates and survey of methods. Can J Microbiol 15(12):1453–1461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCurdy HD (1970) Studies on the taxonomy of the myxobacterales II. Polyangium and the demise of the Sorangiaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 20(3):283–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCurdy HD (1971a) Studies on the taxonomy of the myxobacterales III. Chondromyces and Stigmatella. Int J Syst Bacteriol 21(1):40–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCurdy HD (1971b) Studies on the taxonomy of the Myxobacterales IV. Melittangium. Int J Syst Bacteriol 21(1):50–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald JC (1967) Studies on the genus Archangium (Myxobacterales). II: The effect of temperature and carbohydrates on some physiological processes. Mycologia 59:1059–1068

    Google Scholar 

  • Nellis LF, Garner HR (1964) Methods for isolation and purification of chondromyces. J Bacteriol 87:230–231

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • North NN, Dollhopf SL, Petrie L, Istok JD, Balkwill DL, Kostka JE (2004) Change in bacterial community structure during in situ biostimulation of subsurface sediment cocontaminated with uranium and nitrate. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(8):4911–4920

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ojika M, Suzuki Y, Tsukamoto A, Sakagami Y, Fudou R, Yoshimura T, Yamanaka S (1998) Cystothiazoles A and B, new bithiazole-type antibiotics from the myxobacterium Cystobacter fuscus. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 51(3):275–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parish JH (1984) Myxobacteria: development and cell interactions. In: Rosenberg E (ed) Biochemical education, vol 13. Springer, New York, p 301

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrie L, North NN, Dollhopf SL, Balkwill DL, Kostka JE (2003) Enumeration and characterization of iron(III)-reducing microbial communities from acidic subsurface sediments contaminated with uranium(VI). Appl Environ Microbiol 69(12):7467–7479

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pistorius D, Li Y, Mann S, Muller R (2011a) Unprecedented anthranilate priming involving two enzymes of the acyl adenylating superfamily in aurachin biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 133(32):12362–12365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pistorius D, Li Y, Sandmann A, Muller R (2011b) Completing the puzzle of aurachin biosynthesis in Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15. Mol Biosyst 7(12):3308–3315

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach H (1993) Myxobacteria II. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach H (1999) The ecology of the myxobacteria. Environ Microbiol 1(1):15–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach H (2005a) Family II. Cystobacteraceae. In: Brenner NRKDJ, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology (The proteobacteria), part C (The alpha-, beta-, delta- and epsilon proteobacteria), vol 2, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, pp 1085–1087

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach H (2005b) Genus III. Hyalangium gen. nov. In: Brenner NRKDJ, Staley JT, Garrity GM (eds) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology (The proteobacteria), part C (The alpha-, beta-, delta- and epsilon proteobacteria), vol 2, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, pp 1099–1101

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach H (2005c) Order VIII. Myxococcales. In: Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT (eds) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. New York, Springer, pp 1059–1144

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach H, Dworkin M (1969) Studies on Stigmatella aurantiaca (myxobacterales). J Gen Microbiol 58:3–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach H, Gerth K, Irschik H, Kunze B, Höfle G (1988) Myxobacteria: a source of new antibiotics. Trends Biotechnol 6(6):115–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rückert G (1975) Koprochorie einiger Myxobakterien-Arten (myxobacterales). Z Allg Mikrobiol 15:565–567

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruckert G (1978) On the distribution of myxobacteria in the temperate South America. Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss 133(1):45–49 (author’s transl)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruckert G (1981) Myxobacteria (Myxobacteriales) on leaf surfaces. Z Allg Mikrobiol 21(10):761–763

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford RA, Tiedje JM (1996/1997) Chlorophenol dechlorination and subsequent degradation in denitrifying microcosms fed low concentrations of nitrate. Biodegradation 7(5):425–434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford RA, Cole JR, Tiedje JM (2002) Characterization and description of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans gen. nov., sp. nov., an aryl-halorespiring facultative anaerobic myxobacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 68(2):893–900

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford RA, Wu Q, Sung Y, Thomas SH, Amos BK, Prince EK, Loffler FE (2007) Hexavalent uranium supports growth of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans and Geobacter spp. with lower than predicted biomass yields. Environ Microbiol 9(11):2885–2893

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasse F, Bohlendorf B, Herrmann M, Kunze B, Forche E, Steinmetz H, Hofle G, Reichenbach H (1999) Melithiazols, new beta-methoxyacrylate inhibitors of the respiratory chain isolated from myxobacteria. Production, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 52(8):721–729

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeter J (1886) Pilze. In: Cohn F (ed) Kryptogamenflora von Schlesien, vol 3. J. U. Kern, Breslau, pp I–814

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimkets LJ (1990) Social and developmental biology of the myxobacteria. Microbiol Rev 54(4):473–501

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimkets LJ, Woese CR (1992) A phylogenetic analysis of the myxobacteria: basis for their classification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(20):9459–9463

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimkets LJ, Dworkin M, Reichenbach H (2006) The myxobacteria. In: Dworkin M (ed) The prokaryotes, vol 7. Springer, Berlin, pp 31–115

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Silakowski B, Nordsiek G, Kunze B, Blocker H, Muller R (2001) Novel features in a combined polyketide synthase/non-ribosomal peptide synthetase: the myxalamid biosynthetic gene cluster of the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca Sga15. Chem Biol 8(1):59–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh BN (1947) Myxobacteria in soils and composts; their distribution, number and lytic action on bacteria. J Gen Microbiol 1(1):1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sproer C, Reichenbach H, Stackebrandt E (1999) The correlation between morphological and phylogenetic classification of myxobacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49(Pt 3):1255–1262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki Y, Sakagami Y, Ojika M (2003) Biosynthetic studies on a myxobacterial antibiotic, cystothiazole A: biosynthetic precursors of the carbon skeleton. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 56(4):372–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaxter T (1897) Further observations on the Myxobacteraceae. Bot Gaz 23:395–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas SH, Wagner RD, Arakaki AK, Skolnick J, Kirby JR, Shimkets LJ, Sanford RA, Loffler FE (2008) The mosaic genome of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2CP-C suggests an aerobic common ancestor to the delta-proteobacteria. PLoS One 3(5):e2103

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas SH, Padilla-Crespo E, Jardine PM, Sanford RA, Loffler FE (2009) Diversity and distribution of anaeromyxobacter strains in a uranium-contaminated subsurface environment with a nonuniform groundwater flow. Appl Environ Microbiol 75(11):3679–3687

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas SH, Sanford RA, Amos BK, Leigh MB, Cardenas E, Löffler FE (2010) Unique ecophysiology among U(VI)-reducing bacteria as revealed by evaluation of oxygen metabolism in Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2CP-C. Appl Environ Microbiol 76(1):176–183

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinig S, Hecht HJ, Mahmud T, Muller R (2003) Melithiazol biosynthesis: further insights into myxobacterial PKS/NRPS systems and evidence for a new subclass of methyl transferases. Chem Biol 10(10):939–952

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman KJ, Muller R (2009) A brief tour of myxobacterial secondary metabolism. Bioorg Med Chem 17(6):2121–2136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel SC, Muller R (2005) Formation of novel secondary metabolites by bacterial multimodular assembly lines: deviations from textbook biosynthetic logic. Curr Opin Chem Biol 9(5):447–458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel SC, Muller R (2009a) Myxobacteria—“microbial factories” for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Mol Biosyst 5(6):567–574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel SC, Muller R (2009b) The impact of genomics on the exploitation of the myxobacterial secondary metabolome. Nat Prod Rep 26(11):1385–1407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel SC, Kunze B, Hofle G, Silakowski B, Scharfe M, Blocker H, Muller R (2005) Structure and biosynthesis of myxochromides S1-3 in Stigmatella aurantiaca: evidence for an iterative bacterial type I polyketide synthase and for module skipping in nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis. Chembiochem 6(2):375–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolin EA, Wolin MJ, Wolfe RS (1963) Formation of methane by bacterial extracts. J Biol Chem 238:2882–2886

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu B, Hamdy MK, Howe HB (1968) Antimicrobial activity of a myxobacterium against blue-green algae. Bacteriol Proc 48

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu ZH, Jiang DM, Li P, Li YZ (2005) Exploring the diversity of myxobacteria in a soil niche by myxobacteria-specific primers and probes. Environ Microbiol 7(10):1602–1610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Q, Sanford RA, Loffler FE (2006) Uranium(VI) reduction by Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2CP-C. Appl Environ Microbiol 72(5):3608–3614

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yarza P, Ludwig W, Euzeby J, Amann R, Schleifer KH, Glockner FO, Rossello-Mora R (2010) Update of the all-species living tree project based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence analyses. Syst Appl Microbiol 33(6):291–299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhukova RA (1963) Aerobic cellulose bacteria of northern soils. Microbiology (Transl Mikrobiologiya) 31:855–860

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia-DF, Brazil

    Débora Farage Knupp dos Santos, Cynthia Maria Kyaw, Tatiana Amabile De Campos, Robert Neil Gerard Miller, Eliane Ferreira Noronha & Ricardo Kruger

  2. Department of Ecology, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia-DF, Brazil

    Mercedes Maria da Cunha Bustamante

Authors
  1. Débora Farage Knupp dos Santos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cynthia Maria Kyaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tatiana Amabile De Campos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Robert Neil Gerard Miller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Eliane Ferreira Noronha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mercedes Maria da Cunha Bustamante
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ricardo Kruger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ricardo Kruger .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Eugene Rosenberg

  2. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  3. Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  4. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Stephen Lory

  5. Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany

    Erko Stackebrandt

  6. Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Fabiano Thompson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

dos Santos, D.F.K. et al. (2014). The Family Cystobacteraceae. In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39044-9_304

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation