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Diagnostic Applications of Nuclear Medicine: Leukemias

Nuclear Oncology

  • 165 Accesses

Abstract

Leukemias are a group of acute and chronic hematological neoplasias characterized by the dissemination of the cancer cells originating in the bone marrow via the bloodstream. In 2016 the estimated number of new leukemia cases was more than 110,000 in all of Europe and 47,000 in the USA. Leukemias, cause of 4% of all cancer deaths and account for 3.6% of all cancers. Historically, leukemias have been divided into four major categories further classified into subtypes based on specific features of cells: acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). A revised classification of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms and leukemias has recently been published to better characterize each disease. This updated classification incorporated new scientific and clinical information to refine diagnostic criteria for previously described neoplasms and introduced newly recognized disease entities. In this chapter the main entities of leukemia, with specific regard to imaging for diagnosis, treatment response assessment, and follow-up, will be treated according to what reported in the clinical guidelines.

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Abbreviations

[18F]FDG:

2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose

18F-FLT:

3’-18F-Fluoro-3’-deoxythymidine

aCGH:

Array comparative genomic hybridization

aCML:

Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia

ALK:

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma

ALL:

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, also defined as “acute lymphocytic leukemia”

AML:

Acute myeloid leukemia, also defined as “acute myelogenous leukemia”

B-ALL:

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

BCL2:

Gene encoding for the B-cell lymphoma 2 protein

BCL6:

Gene encoding for the B-cell lymphoma 6 protein

BCR-ABL1:

Fusion gene formed by a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 [t(9;22)]

BM:

Bone marrow

CBFB-MYH11:

Chimeric transcript created by the inversion (16)(p13;q22)

CEBPA:

Gene encoding for the protein CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha

CHOP:

Chemotherapy based on cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone

CLL:

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, also defined as “chronic lymphocytic leukemia”

CML:

Chronic myeloid leukemia, also defined as “chronic myelogenous leukemia”

CMML:

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

CNL:

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia

CNS:

Central nervous system

CR:

Complete response

CRLF2:

Cytokine receptor-like factor 2

CT:

X-ray computed tomography

DEK-NUP214:

Gene fusion created by the t(6;9)(p23;q34) translocation

DLBCL:

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

EBV:

Epstein-Barr virus

ESMO:

European Society of Medical Oncology

ET:

Essential thrombocythemia

EUTOS:

European Treatment and Outcome Study

FGFR:

Receptor tyrosine kinase for the fibroblast growth factor family

FISH:

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

GATA2:

Gene encoding for a protein called GATA binding protein 2, a transcription factor

GEP:

Gene expression profiling

HCL:

Hairy cell leukemia

HHV8:

Human herpesvirus-8

HL:

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

iAMP21:

Intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

Igh:

Immunoglobulin heavy chain

IGH/IL3:

Fusion gene created by the t(5;14)(q31;q32) translocation

IGHV:

Immunoglobulin heavy chain

IWCLL:

International Working Group on CLL

JAK-STAT:

Signaling pathway that transmits information from extracellular chemical signals to the nucleus resulting in DNA transcription and expression of genes involved in immunity, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenesis

JAK2:

Gene encoding for Janus kinase 2, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase

JMML:

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia

KMT2A:

Gene encoding for histone-lysine (K)-specific N-methyltransferase 2A

KMT2C:

Gene encoding for lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase 2C

LAIP:

Leukemia-associated immunophenotype

MALT:

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

MBL:

Monoclonal B lymphocytosis

MCL:

Mantle cell lymphoma

MDS-RS:

Myelodysplastic syndrome with ring sideroblasts

MDS:

Myelodysplastic syndrome

MDS/MPN:

Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative neoplasms

MECOM:

Gene econding for the protein MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus protein EVI1, also known as ecotropic virus integration site 1 protein homolog, or positive regulatory domain zinc finger protein 3

MGUS:

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

MLL-MLLT3:

Gene fusion created by the t(9;11)(p22;q23) translocation

MPAL:

Mixed phenotype acute leukemia

MR:

Molecular response

MRD:

Minimal residual disease

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MYC:

Avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog

NGS:

Next-generation sequencing

NK:

Natural killer

NMP1:

Gene encoding for the protein nucleophosmin

NOS:

Not otherwise specified

NOTCH1:

Notch homolog 1, translocation-associated (Drosophila), a human gene encoding for a single-pass transmembrane receptor

NSCLC:

Non-small-cell lung cancer

PB:

Peripheral blood

PCM1-JAK2:

Gene fusion created by the t(8;9)(p22;p24) translocation which leads to the activation of the Janus kinase 2PCM1 gene encoding for the pericentriolar material 1

PD:

Progressive disease

PDGFR:

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor

PDGFRA:

Gene encoding for the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha

PDGFRB:

Gene encoding for the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PET/CT:

Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography

PI3K/AKT/mTOR:

Intracellular signaling pathway important in regulating the cell cycle

PMF:

Primary myelofibrosis

PML-RARA:

Gene fusion created by the t(15;17)(q22;q12) translocation

PMN:

Myeloproliferative neoplasms

PR:

Partial response

PTLD:

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders

PV:

Polycythemia vera

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

RUNX1-RUNX1T1:

Gene fusion created by the t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocation

RUNX1:

Runt-related transcription factor 1

SBB:

Sudan Black B, a nonfluorescent lysochrome (fat-soluble) diazo dye used for tissue staining

SCT:

Stem cell transplantation

SEER:

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute (National Institutes of Health of the United States)

SLL:

Small lymphocytic lymphoma

SNP:

Single-nucleotide polymorphism

T-ALL:

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

TAM:

Transient abnormal myelopoiesis

TKI:

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

T-ALL:

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

TCF3-PBX1:

Chimeric gene created by the t(1;19)(q23;p13) translocation

TFH:

T follicular helper

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy

    Martina Sollini

  2. Hematology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Sara Galimberti

  3. Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, I-56126, Pisa, Italy

    Roberto Boni & Paola Anna Erba

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  1. Martina Sollini
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  2. Sara Galimberti
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  4. Paola Anna Erba
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Correspondence to Paola Anna Erba .

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  1. Attending Emeritus, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Dept. Radiology, New York, New York, USA

    H. William Strauss

  2. Professor Emeritus, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Giuliano Mariani

  3. Associate Professor and Director of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Duccio Volterrani

  4. Attending Physician, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

    Steven M. Larson

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Sollini, M., Galimberti, S., Boni, R., Erba, P.A. (2016). Diagnostic Applications of Nuclear Medicine: Leukemias. In: Strauss, H., Mariani, G., Volterrani, D., Larson, S. (eds) Nuclear Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26067-9_39-1

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    Diagnostic Applications of Nuclear Medicine: Leukemias
    Published:
    22 April 2022

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26067-9_39-2

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    Diagnostic Applications of Nuclear Medicine: Leukemias
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    29 September 2016

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26067-9_39-1

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