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Chemical Mapping of Ancient Artifacts and Fossils with X-Ray Spectroscopy

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Synchrotron Light Sources and Free-Electron Lasers

Abstract

The use of synchrotron radiation for the study of ancient objects has seen a significant increase over the last decade. Many of the major synchrotrons now have expertise and instrumentation that are specialized for the study of ancient objects. After giving an overview of these capabilities in the introduction, we focus in this chapter on synchrotron-rapid-scanning X-ray fluorescence (SRS-XRF) imaging of large objects to uncover ancient writings and chemical preservation in fossils. We will also describe the applications of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and new developments in X-ray Raman scattering, which are used to complement SRS-XRF mapping.

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Acknowledgment

This work is based on the joint efforts of several research teams, and we want to thank all of our collaborators. We would like to thank the owners of the artifacts for supporting this research. The studies were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, the Synchrotron SOLEIL, and the Diamond Light Source. We are very grateful to the kind support of our science colleagues as well as the support from the engineering, technical, and administrative staff at these facilities. Funding for NPE was made available by the UK EPSRC funding council under the Innovate Programme and by the SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program, supported by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research and the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (including P41GM103393). PLM thanks the Science and Technology Facilities Council for the continued support (ST/M001814/1). Additional Funding was provided by a UK Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/J023426/1. LB acknowledges support from Région Île-de-France/DIM Matériaux anciens et patrimoniaux and from the European Commission programs IPERION CH and E-RIHS PP (GA. 654028 and 739503). Funding for the SSRL 6-2 instrument was provided by the Bruce Leak and Sandra Fairon Stanford PULSE Institute Fund. The use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract no. DE-AC02-76SF00515.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA

    Uwe Bergmann

  2. IPANEMA CNRS MIC UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Loïc Bertrand

  3. Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Loïc Bertrand

  4. Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA

    Nicholas P. Edwards

  5. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Phillip L. Manning & Roy A. Wogelius

Authors
  1. Uwe Bergmann
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  2. Loïc Bertrand
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  3. Nicholas P. Edwards
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  4. Phillip L. Manning
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  5. Roy A. Wogelius
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Uwe Bergmann .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Eberhard Jaeschke

  2. Zentrum für Synchrotronstrahlung, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

    Shaukat Khan

  3. FS-CFEL-1, DESY, Hamburg, Germany

    Jochen R. Schneider

  4. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, USA

    Jerome B. Hastings

Glossary

DPC

Differential phase contrast imaging

eV

Electron volt

EXAFS

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure

FT-IR

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

HERFD

High-energy resolution fluorescence detection

HLCP

High performance liquid chromatography

keV

Kiloelectron volt

LUMO

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

nCT

X-ray nano computed tomography

NEXAFS

Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

PCCT

X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography

q

Momentum transfer

SAXS

Small angle X-ray scattering

STXM

Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy

ToF-SIMS

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

WAXS

Wide-angle X-ray scattering

XANES

X-ray absorption near-edge structure

XAS

X-ray absorption spectroscopy

XEOL

X-ray-excited optical luminescence

XRD

X-ray diffraction

XRF

X-ray fluorescence

XRS

X-ray raman scattering

μCT

X-ray micro computed tomography

μXRF

Micro X-ray fluorescence

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Bergmann, U., Bertrand, L., Edwards, N.P., Manning, P.L., Wogelius, R.A. (2019). Chemical Mapping of Ancient Artifacts and Fossils with X-Ray Spectroscopy. In: Jaeschke, E., Khan, S., Schneider, J., Hastings, J. (eds) Synchrotron Light Sources and Free-Electron Lasers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04507-8_77-1

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