Abstract
Symptoms of internalized psychopathologies, such as anxiety and depression, are common in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Their presence is a difficulty because it prohibits inclusion and quality of life of this population. Despite ongoing research, there is still a gap in understanding these issues, particularly when it comes to adults with intellectual disabilities. Much of the existing research has primarily focused on studying comorbid conditions in children with ASD, often those who are high-functioning, leaving crucial segments of the autistic spectrum unexplored.
Recent literature indicates that variables like executive functioning, emotional regulation, and intolerance to uncertainty are crucial in explaining the connection between internalized symptoms and ASD. These variables appear to contribute to the development and persistence of internalized psychopathologies in individuals with ASD. Yet, many aspects of this association, including the expression of these symptoms and their treatment, remain uncertain.
Studying this aspect is vital for promoting prevention, early diagnosis, and a deeper understanding of these symptoms within the autism population. Nevertheless, it contains certain complexity as a result of the characteristics of ASD, associated intellectual disability, language difficulties, or phenotypic overlap between some comorbid psychopathologies and autism. All these difficulties mean that this field is under-researched, causing serious mental health and quality of life problems for people on the autistic spectrum, family members, carers, therapists, etc.
This chapter reviews the scientific literature on comorbidity in autism, specifically on anxious and depressive symptoms. The aim is to update the findings reached by the research on comorbidity, prevalence, and expression of these symptoms in adults on the autism spectrum.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Adams, H. L., & Matson, J. L. (2015). Scope and prevalence of the problem. In J. L. Matson & M. L. Matson (Eds.), Comorbid conditions in individuals with intellectual disabilities (pp. 3–24). Springer International Publishing.
Ambler, P. G., Eidels, A., & Gregory, C. (2015). Anxiety and aggression in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders attending mainstream schools. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 18, 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.07.005
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (Vol. 5(5)). American psychiatric association.
Asperger, H. (1944). Die “Autistischen Psychopathen” im Kindesalter. Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 117(1), 76–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01837709
Barlattani, T., D’Amelio, C., Cavatassi, A., De Luca, D., Di Stefano, R., Di Berardo, A., … & Pacitti, F. (2023). Autism spectrum disorders and psychiatric comorbidities: A narrative review. Journal of Psychopathology, 29, 3–24. https://doi.org/10.36148/2284-0249-N281
Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (2001). Trastornos de Ansiedad. In I. D. H. Barlow & V. M. Durand (Eds.), Psicología Anormal: un enfoque integral (6th ed., pp. 127–174).
Bearss, K., Taylor, C. A., Aman, M. G., Whittemore, R., Lecavalier, L., Miller, J., Prichett, J., Green, B., & Scahill, L. (2016). Using qualitative methods to guide scale development for anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 20(6), 663–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315601012
Bejerot, S., Eriksson, J. M., & Mörtberg, E. (2014). Social anxiety in adult autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Research, 220(1–2), 705–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.030
Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., Andronicos, N. M., & Agnew, L. L. (2016). Prevalence, structure and correlates of anxiety-depression in boys with an autism spectrum disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49–50, 302–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2015.11.011
Boulter, C., Freeston, M., South, M., & Rodgers, J. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty as a framework for understanding anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(6), 1391–1402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-2001-x
Bruggink, A., Huisman, S., Vuijk, R., Kraaij, V., & Garnefski, N. (2016). Cognitive emotion regulation, anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 22, 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.003
Carr, E. G., Taylor, J. C., & Robinson, S. (1991). The effects of severe behavior problems in children on the teaching behavior of adults. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(3), 523–535. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1991.24-523
Cassidy, S., & Rodgers, J. (2017). Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1
Cassidy, S. A., Bradley, L., Bowen, E., Wigham, S., & Rodgers, J. (2018). Measurement properties of tools used to assess depression in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: A systematic review. Autism Research, 11(5), 738–754. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1922
Cervantes, P., Matson, J. L., Tureck, K., & Adams, H. L. (2013). RETRACTED: The relationship of comorbid anxiety symptom severity and challenging behaviors in infants and toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(12), 1528–1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.09.005
Chang, Y. C., Quan, J., & Wood, J. J. (2012). Effects of anxiety disorder severity on social functioning in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24(3), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-012-9268-2
Clark, T., Feehan, C., Tinline, C., & Vostanis, P. (1999). Autistic symptoms in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007870050083
Clarke, D. J., & Gomez, G. A. (1999). Utility of DCR-10 criteria in the diagnosis of depression associated with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43(Pt 5), 413–420. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.043005413.x
Conner, C. M., Golt, J., Righi, G., Shaffer, R., Siegel, M., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2020). A comparative study of suicidality and its association with emotion regulation impairment in large ASD and US census-matched samples. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3545–3560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04370-1
Ding, N., Gao, H., Jiang, J., Zhai, M., Shao, H., Fu, L., Chunyan Li, Y., Li, Y., Feng, M., Cui, X., Qiu, N., Jin, P., & Ke, X. (2021). The characteristics and factors of the internalizing and externalizing behaviours of children at high risk for autism spectrum disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03479-6
Domes, G., Normann, C., & Heinrichs, M. (2016). The effect of oxytocin on attention to angry and happy faces in chronic depression. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0794-9
Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(2), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00070-3
Ehring, T., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Schnülle, J., Fischer, S., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: Spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal. Emotion, 10(4), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019010
Fletcher-Watson, S., & Happé, F. (2019). Autism: A new introduction to psychological theory and current debate. Routledge.
Ghaziuddin, M., Ghaziuddin, N., & Greden, J. (2002). Depression in persons with autism: Implications for research and clinical care. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(4), 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016330802348
Goodwin, H., Yiend, J., & Hirsch, C. R. (2017). Generalized anxiety disorder, worry and attention to threat: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.006
Gotham, K., Brunwasser, S. M., & Lord, C. (2015). Depressive and anxiety symptom trajectories from school age through young adulthood in samples with autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(5), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.02.005
Hagopian, L. P., & Jennett, H. K. (2008). Behavioral assessment and treatment of anxiety in individuals with intellectual disabilities and autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 20(5), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-008-9114-8
Hannon, G., & Taylor, E. P. (2013). Suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults with ASD: Findings from a systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1197–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.003
Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2020). Annual research review: Looking back to look forward–changes in the concept of autism and implications for future research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13176
Hirvikoski, T., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Boman, M., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., & Bölte, S. (2016). Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 232–238. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160192
Hollocks, M. J., Lerh, J. W., Magiati, I., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Brugha, T. S. (2019). Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 49(4), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718002283
Horowitz, L. M., Thurm, A., Farmer, C., Mazefsky, C., Lanzillo, E., Bridge, J. A., … & Siegel, M. (2017). Talking about death or suicide: Prevalence and clinical correlates in youth with autism spectrum disorder in the psychiatric inpatient setting. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 3702–3710.
Horowitz, L. M., Thurm, A., Farmer, C., Mazefsky, C., Lanzillo, E., Bridge, J. A., Greenbaum, R., Maryland, P., & Siegel, M. (2018). Talking about death or suicide: Prevalence and clinical correlates in youth with autism Spectrum disorder in the psychiatric inpatient setting. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(11), 3702–3710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3180-7
Jang, J., & Matson, J. L. (2015). Autism severity as a predictor of comorbid conditions. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 27(3), 405–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-015-9421-9
Jean, F. A., Jouni, A., Bouvard, M. P., Camelot, G., Beggiato, A., Scheid, I., … & Amestoy, A. (2022). Overlap of anxiety, depression, irritability and aggressiveness in autism spectrum disorder: An exploratory study using cluster analysis. Advances in Autism, 8(4), 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-08-2020-0048
Jolliffe, R., Adams, D., & Simpson, K. (2023). Trait anxiety in individuals on the autism spectrum: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10(3), 523–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-022-00308-8
Joyce, C., Honey, E., Leekam, S. R., Barrett, S. L., & Rodgers, J. (2017). Anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty and restricted and repetitive behaviour: Insights directly from young people with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(12), 3789–3802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3027-2
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360042006
Kerns, C. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2012). The presentation and classification of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 19(4), 323–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12009
Kerns, C. M., Kendall, P. C., Berry, L., Souders, M. C., Franklin, M. E., Schultz, R. T., Miller, J., & Herrington, J. (2014). Traditional and atypical presentations of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(11), 2851–2861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2141-7
Kerns, C. M., Rump, K., Worley, J., Kratz, H., McVey, A., Herrington, J., & Miller, J. (2016). The differential diagnosis of anxiety disorders in cognitivelyable youth with autism. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 23(4), 530–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.06.002
Kerns, C. M., Winder-Patel, B., Iosif, A. M., Nordahl, C. W., Heath, B., Solomon, M., & Amaral, D. G. (2021). Clinically significant anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder and varied intellectual functioning. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50(6), 780–795. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1703712
Khachadourian, V., Mahjani, B., Sandin, S., Kolevzon, A., Buxbaum, J. D., Reichenberg, A., & Janecka, M. (2023). Comorbidities in autism spectrum disorder and their etiologies. Translational Psychiatry, 13(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-023-02374-w
Kirby, A. V., Bakian, A. V., Zhang, Y., Bilder, D. A., Keeshin, B. R., & Coon, H. (2019). A 20-year study of suicide death in a statewide autism population. Autism Research, 2(4), 658–666. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2076
Kreiser, N. L., & White, S. W. (2015). ASD traits and co-occurring psychopathology : 511 the moderating role of gender. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(12), 3932–3938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2580-9
Lainhart, J. E. (1990). Psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, their parents and siblings. International Review of Psychiatry, 11, 278–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540269974177
Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., TagerFlusberg, H., & Lainhart, J. E. (2006). Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(7), 849–861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0
Lidstone, J., Uljarević, M., Sullivan, J., Rodgers, J., McConachie, H., Freeston, M., Le Couteur, A., Prior, M., & Leekam, S. (2014). Relations among restricted and repetitive behaviors, anxiety and sensory features in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(2), 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.10.001
Littlewood, M., Dagnan, D., & Rodgers, J. (2018). Exploring the emotion regulation strategies used by adults with intellectual disabilities. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 64(3), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2018.1466510
Lundström, S., Chang, Z., Kerekes, N., Gumpert, C. H., Råstam, M., Gillberg, C., Lichtenstein, P., & Anckarsäter, H. (2011). Autistic-like traits and their association 520 with mental health problems in two nationwide twin cohorts of children and adults. Psychological Medicine, 41(11), 2423–2433. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711000377
Maddox, B. B., & White, S. W. (2015). Comorbid social anxiety disorder in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(12), 3949–3960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2531-5
Magiati, I., Ozsivadjian, A., & Kerns, C. M. (2017). Phenomenology and presentation of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. In C. M. Kerns, P. Renno, E. A. Storch, P. C. Kendall, & J. Jeffrey (Eds.), Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Evidence-based assessment and treatment (pp. 33–54). Academic.
Magnuson, K. M., & Constantino, J. N. (2011). Characterization of depression in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 32(4), 332–340. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e318213f56c
Mannion, A., Brahm, M., & Leader, G. (2014). Comorbid psychopathology in autism Spectrum disorder. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1(2), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-014-0012-y
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Mayes, R. D., & Molitoris, S. (2012). Autism and ADHD: Overlapping and discriminating symptoms. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.009
Mayes, S. D., Castagna, P. J., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2020). Sex differences in externalizing and internalizing symptoms in ADHD, autism, and general population samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 42, 519–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-020-09798-4
Mazefsky, C. A., & Herrington, J. (2014). Autism and anxiety: Etiologic factors and transdiagnostic processes. In T. E. Davis, S. W. Susan, & T. H. Ollendick (Eds.), Handbook of autism and anxiety (pp. 91–103). Springer International Publishing.
Mazurek, M. O., Vasa, R. A., Kalb, L. G., Kanne, S. M., Rosenberg, D., Keefer, A., Murray, D. S., Freedman, B., & Lowery, L. A. (2013). Anxiety, sensory over responsivity, and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(1), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9668-x
Mazzone, L., Postorino, V., De Peppo, L., Fatta, L., Lucarelli, V., Reale, L., Giovagnoli, G., & Vicari, S. (2013). Mood symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 3699–3708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.034
McCarthy, J., Hemmings, C., Kravariti, E., Dworzynski, K., Holt, G., Bouras, N., & Tsakanikos, E. (2010). Challenging behavior and co-morbid psychopathology in adults with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(2), 362–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2009.10.009
Merrick, J., Merrick, E., Lunsky, Y., & Kandel, I. (2006). A review of suicidality in persons with intellectual disability. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 43(4), 258–264.
Montazeri, F., de Bildt, A., Dekker, V., & Anderson, G. M. (2019). Network analysis of anxiety in the autism realm. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2219–2230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3474-4
Muris, P. (2014). Anxiety disorders. In T. E. Davis, S. W. Susan, & T. H. Ollendick (Eds.), Handbook of autism and child psychopathology (pp. 31–45). Springer International Publishing.
Nah, Y. H., Brewer, N., Young, R. L., & Flower, R. (2018). Brief report: Screening adults with autism spectrum disorder for anxiety and depression. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1841–1846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3427-3
Neil, N., Moum, L., & Sturmey, P. (2014). Comorbidity among children and youth with autism spectrum disorder. In J. K. Luiselli (Ed.), Children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: Recent advances and innovations in assessment, education, and intervention (pp. 26–41). Oxford University Press.
Ollington, N., Green, V. A., O’Reilly, M. F., Lancioni, G. E., & Didden, R. (2012). Functional analysis of insistence on sameness in an 11-year old boy with Asperger syndrome. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 15(2), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2012.662660
Orinstein, A., Tyson, K. E., Suh, J., Troyb, E., Helt, M., Rosenthal, M., Barton, M. L., Eigsti, I., Kelly, E., Naigles, L., Schultz, R., Stevens, M., & Fein, D. A. (2015). Psychiatric symptoms in youth with a history of autism and optimal outcome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(11), 3703–3714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2520-8
Paula-Pérez, I. (2015). La ansiedad en el Autismo. Comprenderla y tratarla. Alianza.
Paula-Pérez, P., & Martos, J. M. P. (2009). Síndrome de Asperger y autismo de alto funcionamiento: comorbilidad con trastornos de ansiedad y del estado de ánimo. Revista de Neurologia, 48(2), 31–34.
Philippe, P., Scholl, J. M., & Jacques, J. (2010). Comorbidity in autism spectrum. Psychiatria Danubina, 22(S1), 158–160.
Postorino, V., Kerns, C. M., Vivanti, G., Bradshaw, J., Siracusano, M., & Mazzone, L. (2017). Anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(12), 92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0846-y
Richards, G., Kenny, R., Griffiths, S., Allison, C., Mosse, D., Holt, R., O’Connor, R. C., Cassidy, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2019). Autistic traits in adults who have attempted suicide. Molecular Autism, 10(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0274-4
Robertson, A. E., Stanfield, A. C., Watt, J., Barry, F., Day, M., Cormack, M., & Melville, C. (2018). The experience and impact of anxiety in autistic adults: A thematic analysis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 46, 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2017.11.006
Rodgers, J., & Ofield, A. (2018). Understanding, recognising and treating co-occurring anxiety in autism. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 5(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-018-0132-7
Rodgers, J., Glod, M., Connolly, B., & McConachie, H. (2012). The relationship between anxiety and repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(11), 2404–2409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1531-y
Rodgers, J., Farquhar, K., Mason, D., Brice, S., Wigham, S., Ingham, B., Freeston, M., & Parr, J. R. (2020). Development and initial evaluation of the anxiety scale for autism-adults. Autism in Adulthood, 2(1), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2019.0044
Rosen, T. E., Mazefsky, C. A., Vasa, R. A., & Lerner, M. D. (2018). Co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder. International Review of Psychiatry, 30(1), 40–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1450229
Rosenberg, R. E., Kaufmann, W. E., Law, J. K., & Law, P. A. (2011). Parent report of community psychiatric comorbid diagnoses in autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research and Treatment, 2011, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/405849
Rowa, K., Waechter, S., Hood, H. K., & Antony, M. M. (2017). Generalized anxiety disorder. In W. E. Craighead, D. J. Miklowitz, & L. W. Craighead (Eds.), Psychopathology: History, diagnosis, and empirical foundations (pp. 206–252). Wiley.
Rzepecka, H., McKenzie, K., McClure, I., & Murphy, S. (2011). Sleep, anxiety and challenging behaviour in children with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(6), 2758–2766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.034
Sáez-Suanes, G. P., García-Villamisar, D., del Pozo Armentia, A., & Dattilo, J. (2020). Emotion regulation as a mediator between depressive symptoms and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in adults with ASD and intellectual disabilities. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 78, 101654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101654
Samson, A. C., Huber, O., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Emotion regulation in Asperger’s syndrome and high-functioning autism. Emotion, 12(4), 659–665. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027975
Santomauro, D., Sheffield, J., & Sofronoff, K. (2016). Depression in adolescents with ASD: A pilot RCT of a group intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(2), 572–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2605-4
Sedgewick, F., Leppanen, J., & Tchanturia, K. (2020). Gender differences in mental health prevalence in autism. Advances in Autism, 7(3), 208–224. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-01-2020-0007
Smith, I. C., Ollendick, T. H., & White, S. W. (2019). Anxiety moderates the influence of ASD severity on quality of life in adults with ASD. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 62, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2019.03.001
South, M., Rodgers, J., & Van Hecke, A. (2017). Anxiety and ASD: Current progress and ongoing challenges. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(12), 3679–3681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3322-y
South, M., Beck, J. S., Lundwall, R., Christensen, M., Cutrer, E. A., Gabrielsen, T. P., Cox, J. C., & Lundwall, R. A. (2020). Unrelenting depression and suicidality in women with autistic traits. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3606–3619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04324-2
Sterling, L., Dawson, G., Estes, A., & Greenson, J. (2008). Characteristics associated with presence of depressive symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(6), 1011–1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0477-y
Strang, J. F., Kenworthy, L., Daniolos, P., Case, L., Wills, M. C., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2012). Depression and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders without intellectual disability. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 406–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.06.015
Stratis, E. A., & Lecavalier, L. (2013). Restricted and repetitive behaviors and psychiatric symptoms in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(6), 757–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.02.017
Takaoka, K., & Takata, T. (2007). Catatonia in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Case report and review of literature. Psychological Reports, 101(3), 961–969. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.3.961-969
Tureck, K., Matson, J. L., Cervantes, P., & Konst, M. J. (2014). An examination of the relationship between autism spectrum disorder, intellectual functioning, and comorbid symptoms in children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(7), 1766–1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.02.013
Uljarević, M., Richdale, A. L., Evans, D. W., Cai, R. Y., & Leekam, S. R. (2017). Interrelationship between insistence on sameness, effortful control and anxiety in adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Molecular Autism, 8(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0158-4
van Steensel, F. J., & Heeman, E. J. (2017). Anxiety levels in children with autism Spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(7), 1753–1767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0687-7
van Steensel, F. J., Bögels, S. M., Magiati, I., & Perrin, S. (2014). Anxiety in individuals with ASD: Prevalence, phenomenology, etiology, assessment, and interventions. In V. B. Patel, V. R. Preedy, & C. R. Martin (Eds.), Comprehensive guide to autism (pp. 601–623). Springer.
White, S. W., Lerner, M. D., McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., Ginsburg, G. S., Kerns, C., Ollendick, T., Kendall, P. C., Piacentini, J., Walkup, J., & Compton, S. (2015). Anxiety in youth with and without autism spectrum disorder: Examination of factorial equivalence. Behavior Therapy, 46(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.05.005
Wigham, S., Barton, S., Parr, J. R., & Rodgers, J. (2017). A systematic review of the rates of depression in children and adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 10(4), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2017.1299267
Wijnhoven, L. A., Niels-Kessels, H., Creemers, D. H., Vermulst, A. A., Otten, R., & Engels, R. C. (2019). Prevalence of comorbid depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in children with autism spectrum disorder and elevated anxiety symptoms. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 31(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2019.1608830
Williams, S., Leader, G., Mannion, A., & Chen, J. (2015). An investigation of anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.10.017
Williams, K. L., Campi, E., & Baranek, G. T. (2021). Associations among sensory hyper responsiveness, restricted and repetitive behaviors, and anxiety in autism: An integrated systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 83, 101763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101763
Wing, L. (1992). Manifestations of social problems in high-functioning autistic people. In E. Schopler & G. Mesibov (Eds.), High-functioning individuals with autism (pp. 129–142). Plenum.
Wittkopf, S., Stroth, S., Langmann, A., Wolff, N., Roessner, V., Roepke, S., Poepke, L. P., & Kamp-Becker, I. (2022). Differentiation of autism spectrum disorder and mood or anxiety disorder. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 26(5), 1056–1069. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211039673
Wood, J. J., & Gadow, K. D. (2010). Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17(4), 281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01220.x
Zimmerman, D. L., Ownsworth, T., O’Donovan, A., Roberts, J., & Gullo, M. J. (2016). Independence of hot and cold executive function deficits in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.023
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Sáez-Suanes, G.P. (2024). Mood Alternations on the Autistic Spectrum. In: Bennett, G., Goodall, E. (eds) The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Disability. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40858-8_5-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40858-8_5-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-40858-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-40858-8
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences