Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Primary Aldosteronism

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Hydro Saline Metabolism

Part of the book series: Endocrinology ((ENDOCR))

  • 133 Accesses

Abstract

Primary aldosteronism is the most common form of secondary hypertension. The two main causes are aldosterone producing adenoma (APA) and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Over the past 15 years, major advances have been made in our understanding of the disease with the identification of somatic and germline mutations responsible for the development of APA and of familial form of hyperaldosteronism. These mutations affect essentially ionic channels and pumps affecting intracellular ionic equilibrium of the zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex leading to increased intracellular calcium concentration, and activation of calcium signaling, the main trigger for aldosterone biosynthesis. Recently, the identification of risk loci for the development of PA provides new pathophysiological insight and opens new perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of PA. The characterization of different mouse models has also contributed to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of PA. Finally, the use of multiomics signatures combined with machine learning appears to be a promising new tool for improving the diagnosis and management of endocrine hypertension, enabling faster diagnosis and more effective treatment, particularly for patients with PA, who represent up to 10% of the hypertensive population. The next few years should see us move toward a precision medicine in primary aldosteronism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adachi M, Muroya K, Asakura Y, Sugiyama K, Homma K, Hasegawa T. Discordant genotype-phenotype correlation in familial hyperaldosteronism type III with KCNJ5 gene mutation: a patient report and review of the literature. Horm Res Paediatr. 2014;82(2):138–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aglony M, Martinez-Aguayo A, Carvajal CA, Campino C, Garcia H, Bancalari R, et al. Frequency of familial hyperaldosteronism type 1 in a hypertensive pediatric population: clinical and biochemical presentation. Hypertension. 2011;57(6):1117–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akerstrom T, Crona J, Delgado Verdugo A, Starker LF, Cupisti K, Willenberg HS, et al. Comprehensive re-sequencing of adrenal aldosterone producing lesions reveal three somatic mutations near the KCNJ5 potassium channel selectivity filter. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41926.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Akerstrom T, Willenberg HS, Cupisti K, Ip J, Backman S, Moser A, et al. Novel somatic mutations and distinct molecular signature in aldosterone-producing adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2015;22(5):735–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arakane F, King SR, Du Y, Kallen CB, Walsh LP, Watari H, et al. Phosphorylation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) modulates its steroidogenic activity. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(51):32656–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aritomi S, Konda T, Yoshimura M. L/N-type calcium channel blocker suppresses reflex aldosterone production induced by antihypertensive action. Heart Vessel. 2012;27(4):419–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azizan EA, Lam BY, Newhouse SJ, Zhou J, Kuc RE, Clarke J, et al. Microarray, qPCR, and KCNJ5 sequencing of aldosterone-producing adenomas reveal differences in genotype and phenotype between zona glomerulosa- and zona fasciculata-like tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(5):E819–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azizan EA, Poulsen H, Tuluc P, Zhou J, Clausen MV, Lieb A, et al. Somatic mutations in ATP1A1 and CACNA1D underlie a common subtype of adrenal hypertension. Nat Genet. 2013;45(9):1055–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker BY, Epand RF, Epand RM, Miller WL. Cholesterol binding does not predict activity of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. StAR J Biol Chem. 2007;282(14):10223–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandulik S. Of channels and pumps: different ways to boost the aldosterone? Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2017;220(3):332–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basham KJ, Rodriguez S, Turcu AF, Lerario AM, Logan CY, Rysztak MR, et al. A ZNRF3-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling gradient is required for adrenal homeostasis. Genes Dev. 2019;33(3–4):209–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bassett MH, White PC, Rainey WE. The regulation of aldosterone synthase expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217(1–2):67–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bathgate RAD, Halls ML, van der Westhuizen ET, Callander GE, Kocan M, Summers RJ. Relaxin family peptides and their receptors. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(1):405–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berthon A, Martinez A, Bertherat J, Val P. Wnt/beta-catenin signalling in adrenal physiology and tumour development. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;351(1):87–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berthon A, Drelon C, Ragazzon B, Boulkroun S, Tissier F, Amar L, et al. WNT/beta-catenin signalling is activated in aldosterone-producing adenomas and controls aldosterone production. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23(4):889–905.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beuschlein F, Boulkroun S, Osswald A, Wieland T, Nielsen HN, Lichtenauer UD, et al. Somatic mutations in ATP1A1 and ATP2B3 lead to aldosterone-producing adenomas and secondary hypertension. Nat Genet. 2013;45(4):440–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beygui F, Collet JP, Benoliel JJ, Vignolles N, Dumaine R, Barthélémy O, et al. High plasma aldosterone levels on admission are associated with death in patients presenting with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2006;114(24):2604–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Billet S, Bardin S, Verp S, Baudrie V, Michaud A, Conchon S, et al. Gain-of-function mutant of angiotensin II receptor, type 1A, causes hypertension and cardiovascular fibrosis in mice. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(7):1914–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bollag WB. Regulation of aldosterone synthesis and secretion. Compr Physiol. 2014;4(3):1017–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonvalet JP. Regulation of sodium transport by steroid hormones. Kidney Int Suppl. 1998;65:S49–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulkroun S, Samson-Couterie B, Dzib JF, Lefebvre H, Louiset E, Amar L, et al. Adrenal cortex remodeling and functional zona glomerulosa hyperplasia in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2010;56(5):885–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulkroun S, Samson-Couterie B, Golib-Dzib JF, Amar L, Plouin PF, Sibony M, et al. Aldosterone-producing adenoma formation in the adrenal cortex involves expression of stem/progenitor cell markers. Endocrinology. 2011;152(12):4753–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulkroun S, Beuschlein F, Rossi GP, Golib-Dzib JF, Fischer E, Amar L, et al. Prevalence, clinical, and molecular correlates of KCNJ5 mutations in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2012;59(3):592–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulkroun S, Golib Dzib JF, Samson-Couterie B, Rosa FL, Rickard AJ, Meatchi T, et al. KCNJ5 mutations in aldosterone producing adenoma and relationship with adrenal cortex remodeling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013;371(1–2):221–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer HG, Wils J, Renouf S, Arabo A, Duparc C, Boutelet I, et al. Dysregulation of aldosterone secretion in mast cell-deficient mice. Hypertension. 2017;70(6):1256–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewster UC, Setaro JF, Perazella MA. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: cardiorenal effects and implications for renal and cardiovascular disease states. Am J Med Sci. 2003;326(1):15–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charmandari E, Sertedaki A, Kino T, Merakou C, Hoffman DA, Hatch MM, et al. A novel point mutation in the KCNJ5 gene causing primary hyperaldosteronism and early-onset autosomal dominant hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(8):E1532–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cherradi N, Brandenburger Y, Capponi AM. Mitochondrial regulation of mineralocorticoid biosynthesis by calcium and the StAR protein. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(3):249–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ching S, Vilain E. Targeted disruption of Sonic Hedgehog in the mouse adrenal leads to adrenocortical hypoplasia. Genesis [Internet]. 2009; Disponible sur: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19536807

  • Choi M, Scholl UI, Yue P, Bjorklund P, Zhao B, Nelson-Williams C, et al. K+ channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension. Science. 2011;331(6018):768–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Gupta R, Avezum A, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA. 2013;310(9):959–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conn JW. Primary aldosteronism. J Lab Clin Med. 1955;45(4):661–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connell JM, Davies E. The new biology of aldosterone. J Endocrinol. 2005;186(1):1–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper ME. The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in diabetes and its vascular complications. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17(11 Pt 2):16S–20S; quiz A2–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daniil G, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Chemin J, Blesneac I, Beltrand J, Polak M, et al. CACNA1H mutations are associated with different forms of primary aldosteronism. EBioMedicine. 2016;13:225–36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Davies E, Bonnardeaux A, Plouin PF, Corvol P, Clauser E. Somatic mutations of the angiotensin II (AT1) receptor gene are not present in aldosterone-producing adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(2):611–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies LA, Hu C, Guagliardo NA, Sen N, Chen X, Talley EM, et al. TASK channel deletion in mice causes primary hyperaldosteronism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(6):2203–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Sousa K, Boulkroun S, Baron S, Nanba K, Wack M, Rainey WE, et al. Genetic, cellular, and molecular heterogeneity in adrenals with aldosterone-producing adenoma. Hypertension. 2020;75(4):1034–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dluhy RG, Lifton RP. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA): diagnosis, variability of phenotype and regulation of potassium homeostasis. Steroids. 1995;60(1):48–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drelon C, Berthon A, Mathieu M, Martinez A, Val P. Adrenal cortex tissue homeostasis and zonation: A WNT perspective. Mol Cellular Endocrinol [Internet]. 2014; Disponible sur: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25542843

  • Drelon C, Berthon A, Sahut-Barnola I, Mathieu M, Dumontet T, Rodriguez S, et al. PKA inhibits WNT signalling in adrenal cortex zonation and prevents malignant tumour development. Nat Commun. 2016;7:12751.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ehret GB, Ferreira T, Chasman DI, Jackson AU, Schmidt EM, Johnson T, et al. The genetics of blood pressure regulation and its target organs from association studies in 342,415 individuals. Nat Genet. 2016;48(10):1171–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Hinson JP, Bornstein SR, Scherbaum WA, Vinson GP. Intraadrenal interactions in the regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis. Endocr Rev. 1998;19(2):101–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Wakil A, Lalli E. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in adrenocortical development and cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011;332(1–2):32–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Zein RM, Soria AH, Golib Dzib JF, Rickard AJ, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Samson-Couterie B, et al. Retinoic acid receptor alpha as a novel contributor to adrenal cortex structure and function through interactions with Wnt and Vegfa signalling. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14677.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fardella CE, Pinto M, Mosso L, Gomez-Sanchez C, Jalil J, Montero J. Genetic study of patients with dexamethasone-suppressible aldosteronism without the chimeric CYP11B1/CYP11B2 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(10):4805–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farman N, Rafestin-Oblin ME. Multiple aspects of mineralocorticoid selectivity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;280(2):F181–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner JL, Belin de Chantemele EJ. Leptin and aldosterone. Vitam Horm. 2019;109:265–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes-Rosa FL, Williams TA, Riester A, Steichen O, Beuschlein F, Boulkroun S, et al. Genetic spectrum and clinical correlates of somatic mutations in aldosterone-producing adenoma. Hypertension. 2014;64(2):354–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes-Rosa FL, Daniil G, Orozco IJ, Göppner C, El Zein R, Jain V, et al. A gain-of-function mutation in the CLCN2 chloride channel gene causes primary aldosteronism. Nat Genet. 2018;50(3):355–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrario CM. Role of angiotensin II in cardiovascular disease therapeutic implications of more than a century of research. J Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Syst. 2006;7(1):3–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finco I, Lerario AM, Hammer GD. Sonic hedgehog and WNT signaling promote adrenal gland regeneration in male mice. Endocrinology. 2018;159(2):579–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman BD, Kempna PB, Carlone DL, Shah MS, Guagliardo NA, Barrett PQ, et al. Adrenocortical zonation results from lineage conversion of differentiated zona glomerulosa cells. Dev Cell. 2013;26(6):666–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Freel EM, Tsorlalis IK, Lewsey JD, Latini R, Maggioni AP, Solomon S, et al. Aldosterone status associated with insulin resistance in patients with heart failure – data from the ALOFT study. Heart. 2009;95(23):1920–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freel EM, Mark PB, Weir RA, McQuarrie EP, Allan K, Dargie HJ, et al. Demonstration of blood pressure-independent noninfarct myocardial fibrosis in primary aldosteronism: a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(6):740–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Mantero F, Stowasser M, et al. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(9):3266–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, Murad MH, Reincke M, Shibata H, et al. The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(5):1889–916.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallo-Payet N. 60 years of POMC: adrenal and extra-adrenal functions of ACTH. J Mol Endocrinol. 2016;56(4):T135–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Ding J, Cui Y, Li T, Sun H, Zhao D, et al. Functional nodules in primary aldosteronism: identification of CXCR4 expression with 68Ga-pentixafor PET/CT. Eur Radiol. 2023;33(2):996–1003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geller DS, Zhang J, Wisgerhof MV, Shackleton C, Kashgarian M, Lifton RP. A novel form of human mendelian hypertension featuring nonglucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(8):3117–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Sanchez CE. Primary aldosteronism: a channelopathy? Hypertension. 2014;63(4):668–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Göppner C, Orozco IJ, Hoegg-Beiler MB, Soria AH, Hübner CA, Fernandes-Rosa FL, et al. Pathogenesis of hypertension in a mouse model for human CLCN2 related hyperaldosteronism. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):4678.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ, Klemm SA, Finn WL, Krek AL. Clinical and pathological diversity of primary aldosteronism, including a new familial variety. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1991;18(5):283–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guagliardo NA, Yao J, Hu C, Schertz EM, Tyson DA, Carey RM, et al. TASK-3 channel deletion in mice recapitulates low-renin essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2012;59(5):999–1005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guagliardo NA, Yao J, Stipes EJ, Cechova S, Le TH, Bayliss DA, et al. Adrenal tissue-specific deletion of TASK channels causes aldosterone-driven angiotensin II-independent hypertension. Hypertension. 2019;73(2):407–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Güder G, Bauersachs J, Frantz S, Weismann D, Allolio B, Ertl G, et al. Complementary and incremental mortality risk prediction by cortisol and aldosterone in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2007;115(13):1754–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta P, Franco-Saenz R, Mulrow PJ. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibits aldosterone biosynthesis in cultured bovine zona glomerulosa cells. Endocrinology. 1993;132(3):1184–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hacini I, De Sousa K, Boulkroun S, Meatchi T, Amar L, Zennaro MC, et al. Somatic mutations in adrenals from patients with primary aldosteronism not cured after adrenalectomy suggest common pathogenic mechanisms between unilateral and bilateral disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;185(3):405–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannemann A, Wallaschofski H. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism in patient’s cohorts and in population-based studies – a review of the current literature. Horm Metab Res. 2012;44(3):157–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hattangady NG, Olala LO, Bollag WB, Rainey WE. Acute and chronic regulation of aldosterone production. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;350(2):151–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi T, Zhang Z, Al-Eyd G, Sasaki A, Yasuda M, Oyama M, et al. Expression of aldosterone synthase CYP11B2 was inversely correlated with longevity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;191:105361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heikkila M, Peltoketo H, Leppaluoto J, Ilves M, Vuolteenaho O, Vainio S. Wnt-4 deficiency alters mouse adrenal cortex function, reducing aldosterone production. Endocrinology. 2002;143(11):4358–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heitzmann D, Derand R, Jungbauer S, Bandulik S, Sterner C, Schweda F, et al. Invalidation of TASK1 potassium channels disrupts adrenal gland zonation and mineralocorticoid homeostasis. EMBO J. 2008;27(1):179–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huby AC, Antonova G, Groenendyk J, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Bollag WB, Filosa JA, et al. Adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is a direct regulator of aldosterone secretion, which promotes endothelial dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis. Circulation. 2015;132(22):2134–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irvin MR, Sitlani CM, Floyd JS, Psaty BM, Bis JC, Wiggins KL, et al. Genome-wide association study of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in the CHARGE consortium: the CHARGE Pharmacogenetics Working Group. Am J Hypertens. 2019;32(12):1146–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jeske YW, So A, Kelemen L, Sukor N, Willys C, Bulmer B, et al. Examination of chromosome 7p22 candidate genes RBaK, PMS2 and GNA12 in familial hyperaldosteronism type II. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2008;35(4):380–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SY, Park DJ, Lee HK. EGF-stimulated aldosterone secretion is mediated by tyrosine phosphorylation but not by phospholipase C in cultured porcine adrenal glomerulosa cells. J Korean Med Sci. 1998;13(6):629–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • King P, Paul A, Laufer E. Shh signaling regulates adrenocortical development and identifies progenitors of steroidogenic lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(50):21185–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kitamoto T, Suematsu S, Matsuzawa Y, Saito J, Omura M, Nishikawa T. Comparison of cardiovascular complications in patients with and without KCNJ5 gene mutations harboring aldosterone-producing adenomas. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2015;22(2):191–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lafferty AR, Torpy DJ, Stowasser M, Taymans SE, Lin JP, Huggard P, et al. A novel genetic locus for low renin hypertension: familial hyperaldosteronism type II maps to chromosome 7 (7p22). J Med Genet. 2000;37(11):831–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Le Floch E, Cosentino T, Larsen CK, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Amar L, et al. Identification of risk loci for primary aldosteronism in genome-wide association studies. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):5198.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre H, Compagnon P, Contesse V, Delarue C, Thuillez C, Vaudry H, et al. Production and metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) by the human adrenal cortex: paracrine stimulation of aldosterone secretion by 5-HT. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(10):5001–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre H, Prévost G, Louiset E. Autocrine/paracrine regulatory mechanisms in adrenocortical neoplasms responsible for primary adrenal hypercorticism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169(5):R115–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre H, Duparc C, Naccache A, Lopez AG, Castanet M, Louiset E. Paracrine regulation of aldosterone secretion in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Vitam Horm. 2019;109:303–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenzini L, Rossitto G, Maiolino G, Letizia C, Funder JW, Rossi GP. A meta-analysis of somatic KCNJ5 K(+) channel mutations in 1636 patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(8):E1089–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, Rich GM, Cook S, Ulick S, et al. A chimaeric 11 beta-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension. Nature. 1992;355(6357):262–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Medeau V, Assie G, Zennaro MC, Clauser E, Plouin PF, Jeunemaitre X. [Familial aspect of primary hyperaldosteronism: analysis of families compatible with primary hyperaldosteronism type 2]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2005;66(3):240–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller WL, Auchus RJ. The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders. Endocr Rev. 2011;32(1):81–151.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monticone S, Hattangady NG, Nishimoto K, Mantero F, Rubin B, Cicala MV, et al. Effect of KCNJ5 mutations on gene expression in aldosterone-producing adenomas and adrenocortical cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(8):E1567–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Monticone S, Hattangady NG, Penton D, Isales CM, Edwards MA, Williams TA, et al. A novel Y152C KCNJ5 mutation responsible for familial hyperaldosteronism type III. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(11):E1861–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Monticone S, Castellano I, Versace K, Lucatello B, Veglio F, Gomez-Sanchez CE, et al. Immunohistochemical, genetic and clinical characterization of sporadic aldosterone-producing adenomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;411:146–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Monticone S, Burrello J, Tizzani D, Bertello C, Viola A, Buffolo F, et al. Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in primary care practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(14):1811–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monticone S, D’Ascenzo F, Moretti C, Williams TA, Veglio F, Gaita F, et al. Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(1):41–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulatero P, Tizzani D, Viola A, Bertello C, Monticone S, Mengozzi G, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of familial hyperaldosteronism: the PATOGEN study (Primary Aldosteronism in TOrino-GENetic forms). Hypertension. 2011;58(5):797–803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulatero P, Tauber P, Zennaro MC, Monticone S, Lang K, Beuschlein F, et al. KCNJ5 mutations in European families with nonglucocorticoid remediable familial hyperaldosteronism. Hypertension. 2012;59(2):235–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naito T, Inoue K, Sonehara K, Baba R, Kodama T, Otagaki Y, et al. Genetic risk of primary Aldosteronism and its contribution to hypertension: a cross-ancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Circulation. 2023;147(14):1097–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura Y, Kitada M, Satoh F, Maekawa T, Morimoto R, Yamazaki Y, et al. Intratumoral heterogeneity of steroidogenesis in aldosterone-producing adenoma revealed by intensive double- and triple-immunostaining for CYP11B2/B1 and CYP17. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2016;422:57–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nanba K, Chen AX, Omata K, Vinco M, Giordano TJ, Else T, et al. Molecular heterogeneity in aldosterone-producing adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(3):999–1007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nanba K, Vaidya A, Williams GH, Zheng I, Else T, Rainey WE. Age-related autonomous aldosteronism. Circulation. 2017;136(4):347–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nanba K, Omata K, Else T, Beck PCC, Nanba AT, Turcu AF, et al. Targeted molecular characterization of aldosterone-producing adenomas in White Americans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(10):3869–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nanba K, Omata K, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Stratakis CA, Demidowich AP, Suzuki M, et al. Genetic characteristics of aldosterone-producing adenomas in blacks. Hypertension. 2019;73(4):885–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimoto K, Nakagawa K, Li D, Kosaka T, Oya M, Mikami S, et al. Adrenocortical zonation in humans under normal and pathological conditions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(5):2296–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimoto K, Tomlins SA, Kuick R, Cani AK, Giordano TJ, Hovelson DH, et al. Aldosterone-stimulating somatic gene mutations are common in normal adrenal glands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(33):E4591–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimoto K, Seki T, Hayashi Y, Mikami S, Al-Eyd G, Nakagawa K, et al. Human adrenocortical remodeling leading to aldosterone-producing cell cluster generation. Int J Endocrinol. 2016;2016:7834356.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimoto K, Koga M, Seki T, Oki K, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, et al. Immunohistochemistry of aldosterone synthase leads the way to the pathogenesis of primary aldosteronism. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017;441:124–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nussdorfer GG, Rossi GP, Malendowicz LK, Mazzocchi G. Autocrine-paracrine endothelin system in the physiology and pathology of steroid-secreting tissues. Pharmacol Rev. 1999;51(3):403–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oki K, Plonczynski MW, Luis Lam M, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Potassium channel mutant KCNJ5 T158A expression in HAC-15 cells increases aldosterone synthesis. Endocrinology. 2012;153(4):1774–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Omata K, Satoh F, Morimoto R, Ito S, Yamazaki Y, Nakamura Y, et al. Cellular and genetic causes of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Hypertension. 2018;72(4):874–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pallauf A, Schirpenbach C, Zwermann O, Fischer E, Morak M, Holinski-Feder E, et al. The prevalence of familial hyperaldosteronism in apparently sporadic primary aldosteronism in Germany: a single center experience. Horm Metab Res. 2012;44(3):215–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel S, Rauf A, Khan H, Abu-Izneid T. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): the ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;94:317–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penton D, Bandulik S, Schweda F, Haubs S, Tauber P, Reichold M, et al. Task3 potassium channel gene invalidation causes low Renin and salt-sensitive arterial hypertension. Endocrinology. 2012;153(10):4740–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pignatti E, Leng S, Yuchi Y, Borges KS, Guagliardo NA, Shah MS, et al. Beta-catenin causes adrenal hyperplasia by blocking zonal transdifferentiation. Cell Rep. 2020;31(3):107524.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reel PS, Reel S, van Kralingen JC, Langton K, Lang K, Erlic Z, et al. Machine learning for classification of hypertension subtypes using multi-omics: a multi-centre, retrospective, data-driven study. EBioMedicine. 2022;84:104276.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rege J, Nanba K, Blinder AR, Plaska S, Udager AM, Vats P, et al. Identification of somatic mutations in CLCN2 in aldosterone-producing adenomas. J Endocr Soc. 2020;4(10):bvaa123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rege J, Nanba K, Bandulik S, Kosmann C, Blinder AR, Vats P, et al. Zinc transporter somatic gene mutations cause primary aldosteronism [Internet]. Genetics; 2022 juill [cité 5 juill 2023]. Disponible sur: http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2022.07.25.501443

  • Rhayem Y, Perez-Rivas LG, Dietz A, Bathon K, Gebhard C, Riester A, et al. PRKACA somatic mutations are rare findings in aldosterone-producing adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(8):3010–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Pavan E, Palatini P, Graniero GR, Canali C, et al. Remodeling of the left ventricle in primary aldosteronism due to Conn’s adenoma. Circulation. 1997;95(6):1471–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, Desideri G, Fabris B, Ferri C, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(11):2293–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi GP, Cesari M, Letizia C, Seccia TM, Cicala MV, Zinnamosca L, et al. KCNJ5 gene somatic mutations affect cardiac remodelling but do not preclude cure of high blood pressure and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2014;32(7):1514–21; discussion 1522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruggiero C, Lalli E. Impact of ACTH signalling on transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic genes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016;7:24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savard S, Amar L, Plouin PF, Steichen O. Cardiovascular complications associated with primary aldosteronism: a controlled cross-sectional study. Hypertension. 2013;62(2):331–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schewe J, Seidel E, Forslund S, Marko L, Peters J, Muller DN, et al. Elevated aldosterone and blood pressure in a mouse model of familial hyperaldosteronism with ClC-2 mutation. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5155.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scholl UI, Nelson-Williams C, Yue P, Grekin R, Wyatt RJ, Dillon MJ, et al. Hypertension with or without adrenal hyperplasia due to different inherited mutations in the potassium channel KCNJ5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(7):2533–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scholl UI, Goh G, Stolting G, de Oliveira RC, Choi M, Overton JD, et al. Somatic and germline CACNA1D calcium channel mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas and primary aldosteronism. Nat Genet. 2013;45(9):1050–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scholl UI, Stolting G, Nelson-Williams C, Vichot AA, Choi M, Loring E, et al. Recurrent gain of function mutation in calcium channel CACNA1H causes early-onset hypertension with primary aldosteronism. elife. 2015a;4:e06315.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scholl UI, Healy JM, Thiel A, Fonseca AL, Brown TC, Kunstman JW, et al. Novel somatic mutations in primary hyperaldosteronism are related to the clinical, radiological and pathological phenotype. Clin Endocrinol. 2015b;83(6):779–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholl UI, Stolting G, Schewe J, Thiel A, Tan H, Nelson-Williams C, et al. CLCN2 chloride channel mutations in familial hyperaldosteronism type II. Nat Genet. 2018;50(3):349–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Seidel E, Schewe J, Zhang J, Dinh HA, Forslund SK, Markó L, et al. Enhanced Ca2+ signaling, mild primary aldosteronism, and hypertension in a familial hyperaldosteronism mouse model (Cacna1hM1560V/+). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(17):e2014876118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sewer MB, Waterman MR. ACTH modulation of transcription factors responsible for steroid hydroxylase gene expression in the adrenal cortex. Microsc Res Tech. 2003;61(3):300–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staermose S, Marwick TH, Gordon RD, Cowley D, Dowling A, Stowasser M. Elevated serum interleukin 6 levels in normotensive individuals with familial hyperaldosteronism type 1. Hypertension. 2009;53(4):e31–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stindl J, Tauber P, Sterner C, Tegtmeier I, Warth R, Bandulik S. Pathogenesis of adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas carrying mutations of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Endocrinology. 2015;156(12):4582–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: learning from the study of familial varieties. J Hypertens. 2000;18(9):1165–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Tunny TJ, Klemm SA, Finn WL, Krek AL. Familial hyperaldosteronism type II: five families with a new variety of primary aldosteronism. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1992;19(5):319–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stowasser M, Sharman J, Leano R, Gordon RD, Ward G, Cowley D, et al. Evidence for abnormal left ventricular structure and function in normotensive individuals with familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(9):5070–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura Y, Takeo E, Shimma S, Yokota M, Higashi T, Seki T, et al. Aldosterone and 18-oxocortisol coaccumulation in aldosterone-producing lesions. Hypertension. 2018;72(6):1345–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Surendran P, Feofanova EV, Lahrouchi N, Ntalla I, Karthikeyan S, Cook J, et al. Discovery of rare variants associated with blood pressure regulation through meta-analysis of 1.3 million individuals. Nat Genet. 2020;52(12):1314–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland DJ, Ruse JL, Laidlaw JC. Hypertension, increased aldosterone secretion and low plasma renin activity relieved by dexamethasone. Can Med Assoc J. 1966;95(22):1109–19.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Swierczynska MM, Betz MJ, Colombi M, Dazert E, Jenö P, Moes S, et al. Proteomic landscape of aldosterone-producing adenoma. Hypertension. 2019;73(2):469–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taguchi R, Yamada M, Nakajima Y, Satoh T, Hashimoto K, Shibusawa N, et al. Expression and mutations of KCNJ5 mRNA in Japanese patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1311–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tauber P, Penton D, Stindl J, Humberg E, Tegtmeier I, Sterner C, et al. Pharmacology and pathophysiology of mutated KCNJ5 found in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas. Endocrinology. 2014;155(4):1353–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MJ, Ullenbruch MR, Frucci EC, Rege J, Ansorge MS, Gomez-Sanchez CE, et al. Chemogenetic activation of adrenocortical Gq signaling causes hyperaldosteronism and disrupts functional zonation. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(1):83–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teo AE, Garg S, Shaikh LH, Zhou J, Karet Frankl FE, Gurnell M, et al. Pregnancy, primary aldosteronism, and adrenal CTNNB1 mutations. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(15):1429–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tezuka Y, Yamazaki Y, Kitada M, Morimoto R, Kudo M, Seiji K, et al. 18-Oxocortisol synthesis in aldosterone-producing adrenocortical adenoma and significance of KCNJ5 mutation status. Hypertension. 2019;73(6):1283–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsutamoto T, Sakai H, Tanaka T, Fujii M, Yamamoto T, Wada A, et al. Comparison of active renin concentration and plasma renin activity as a prognostic predictor in patients with heart failure. Circ J. 2007;71(6):915–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tylicki L, Larczynski W, Rutkowski B. Renal protective effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade: from evidence-based approach to perspectives. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2005;28(4):230–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasan RS, Evans JC, Larson MG, Wilson PWF, Meigs JB, Rifai N, et al. Serum aldosterone and the incidence of hypertension in nonhypertensive persons. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(1):33–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vouillarmet J, Fernandes-Rosa F, Graeppi-Dulac J, Lantelme P, Decaussin-Petrucci M, Thivolet C, et al. Aldosterone-producing adenoma with a somatic KCNJ5 mutation revealing APC-dependent familial adenomatous polyposis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(11):3874–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walczak EM, Kuick R, Finco I, Bohin N, Hrycaj SM, Wellik DM, et al. Wnt signaling inhibits adrenal steroidogenesis by cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Mol Endocrinol. 2014;28(9):1471–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams TA, Monticone S, Crudo V, Warth R, Veglio F, Mulatero P. Visinin-like 1 is upregulated in aldosterone-producing adenomas with KCNJ5 mutations and protects from calcium-induced apoptosis. Hypertension [Internet]. 2012; Disponible sur: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=22331379

  • Williams TA, Monticone S, Schack VR, Stindl J, Burrello J, Buffolo F, et al. Somatic ATP1A1, ATP2B3, and KCNJ5 mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas. Hypertension. 2014;63(1):188–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams TA, Peitzsch M, Dietz AS, Dekkers T, Bidlingmaier M, Riester A, et al. Genotype-specific steroid profiles associated with aldosterone-producing adenomas. Hypertension. 2016;67(1):139–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams TA, Lenders JWM, Mulatero P, Burrello J, Rottenkolber M, Adolf C, et al. Outcomes after adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism: an international consensus on outcome measures and analysis of remission rates in an international cohort. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(9):689–99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Senanayake R, Goodchild E, Bashari WA, Salsbury J, Cabrera CP, et al. [11C]metomidate PET-CT versus adrenal vein sampling for diagnosing surgically curable primary aldosteronism: a prospective, within-patient trial. Nat Med. 2023a;29(1):190–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Azizan EAB, Goodchild E, Garg S, Hagiyama M, Cabrera CP, et al. Somatic mutations of CADM1 in aldosterone-producing adenomas and gap junction-dependent regulation of aldosterone production. Nat Genet. 2023b;55(6):1009–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Jaquin D, Aristizabal Prada ET, Meyer LS, Knosel T, et al. Primary aldosteronism: KCNJ5 mutations and adrenocortical cell growth. Hypertension. 2019;74(4):809–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yates R, Katugampola H, Cavlan D, Cogger K, Meimaridou E, Hughes C, et al. Adrenocortical development, maintenance, and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2013;106:239–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Farley DR, van Heerden JA. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery. 2004;136(6):1227–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zennaro MC, Caprio M, Feve B. Mineralocorticoid receptors in the metabolic syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2009;20(9):444–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Lam B, Neogi SG, Yeo GS, Azizan EA, Brown MJ. Transcriptome pathway analysis of pathological and physiological aldosterone-producing human tissues. Hypertension. 2016;68(6):1424–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Azizan EAB, Cabrera CP, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Boulkroun S, Argentesi G, et al. Somatic mutations of GNA11 and GNAQ in CTNNB1-mutant aldosterone-producing adenomas presenting in puberty, pregnancy or menopause. Nat Genet. 2021;53(9):1360–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Paris Cité, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France

    Sheerazed Boulkroun & Maria-Christina Zennaro

  2. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France

    Maria-Christina Zennaro

Authors
  1. Sheerazed Boulkroun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maria-Christina Zennaro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sheerazed Boulkroun .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy

    Massimiliano Caprio

  2. Université Paris Cité, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France

    Fabio Luiz Fernandes-Rosa

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Boulkroun, S., Zennaro, MC. (2023). Primary Aldosteronism. In: Caprio, M., Fernandes-Rosa, F.L. (eds) Hydro Saline Metabolism. Endocrinology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27119-9_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27119-9_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-27118-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-27119-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation