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Presepsin: Methods of Measure, Features and Biomarker Potential in Sepsis and Critical Care

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Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury and Critical Care

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Abstract

sCD14-ST or presepsin is a circulating protein, originating after proteases cleavage from the soluble form of CD14, a member of Toll-Like Receptors family. Presepsin is significantly elevated in patients with bacterial infection, showing high sensitivity and specificity. Its kinetics, with a spike in concentration after 3 h and a half-life of 4–5 h, allow the physicians to confirm an infection suspicion in an early phase of disease. Plasma levels of presepsin could be indicators for the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis and septic shock, even if the decline of renal function could alter presepsin concentrations. During the COVID-19 pandemia, presepsin has been used as a prognostic biomarker to stratify those patients who required prolonged hospitalization or recovery in ICU. Nevertheless, an increase of presepsin in patients who underwent major surgery has been reported, due to inflammatory host-immune response linked to the surgical operation itself. In conclusion, presepsin serum concentration indicates the innate immune system activation during a variety of conditions, but its role is not yet clear. The existence of several immunoenzymometic assays to measure presepsin in a simple, fast reliable way, makes it a promising biomarker in critical care.

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Abbreviations

AKI:

acute kidney injury

ARDS:

acute respiratory distress syndrome

AUC:

Area under the curve

CLEIA:

Chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay

CLSI:

Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute

CRP:

C reactive Protein

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ESR:

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

ICU:

intensive care unit

IQR:

InterQuartile Range

LBP:

protein binding lipopolysaccharide

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

MACCE:

major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event

MOF:

Multi-Organ Failure

NPV:

negative prognostic value

PCT:

Procalcitonin

PJI:

prosthetic joint infection

PMNC:

peripheral mononuclear cell

PPV:

positive prognostic value

ROC:

Receiver Operating Characteristic

THP1:

human cell line of monocyte cells

TLRs:

Toll-like Receptors

WBC:

white blood cells

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di medicina, chirurgia, odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy

    Andrea Genovese, Giuliana Scarpati, Daniela Baldassarre, Filomena Oliva, Graziella Lacava, Massimo Boffardi & Ornella Piazza

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  1. Andrea Genovese
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  2. Giuliana Scarpati
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  3. Daniela Baldassarre
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  4. Filomena Oliva
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  5. Graziella Lacava
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  6. Massimo Boffardi
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  7. Ornella Piazza
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ornella Piazza .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Rajkumar Rajendram

  2. School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

  3. School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

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Genovese, A. et al. (2023). Presepsin: Methods of Measure, Features and Biomarker Potential in Sepsis and Critical Care. In: Rajendram, R., Preedy, V.R., Patel, V.B. (eds) Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury and Critical Care. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07395-3_35

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