Abstract
Although violence and aggression are typically thought of as being directed towards others, behaviors such as cutting or hitting oneself can be considered examples of self-directed aggression. Referred to as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), these aggressive behaviors occur without suicidal intent, but rather serve the function of relieving distressing thoughts or feelings. In this chapter, we discuss NSSI as self-directed aggression (i.e., functionality, etiology, gender differences) in community samples and in two specifically relevant populations (i.e., clinical patients with borderline personality disorder, and forensic patients in closed correctional settings).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Abbreviations
- APD:
-
Antisocial personality disorder
- BPD:
-
Borderline personality disorder
- DSM:
-
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- ECM:
-
Emotional cascade model
- ED:
-
Eating disorder
- FFM:
-
Four-function model
- ISSS:
-
International Society for the Study of Self-Injury
- MDD:
-
Major depressive disorder
- NSSI:
-
Non-suicidal self-injury
- NSSI-D:
-
Non-suicidal self-injury disorder
- ORs:
-
Odds Ratios
- PFC:
-
Prefrontal cortex
References
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, US
Andover MS, Pepper CM, Ryabchenko KA et al (2005) Self-mutilation and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and borderline personality disorder. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav 35:581–591. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2005.35.5.581
Beeney JE, Hallquist MN, Ellison WD, Levy KN (2016) Self-other disturbance in borderline personality disorder: neural, self-report and performance-based evidence. Personal Disord 7:28. https://doi.org/10.1037/PER0000127
Bentley KH, Nock MK, Barlow DH (2014) The four-function model of nonsuicidal self-injury: key directions for future research. Clin Psychol Sci 2:638–656. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702613514563
Blatt SJ (2008) Polarities of experience: relatedness and self-definition in personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process. American Psychological Association, Washington DC
Borrill J (2002) Self-inflicted deaths of prisoners serving life sentences 1988-2001. Br J Forensic Pract 4:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636646200200024
Borrill J, Snow L, Medlicott D et al (2005) Learning from “near misses”: interviews with women who survived an incident of severe self-harm in prison. Howard J Crim Justice 44:57–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2005.00355.x
Bresin K, Schoenleber M (2015) Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 38:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.009
Brickman LJ, Ammerman BA, Look AE et al (2014) The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and borderline personality disorder symptoms in a college sample. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation 1:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/2051-6673-1-14
Brooke D, Taylor C, Gunn J, Maden A (2000) Substance misuse as a marker of vulnerability among male prisoners on remand. Br J Psychiatry 177:248–251. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.3.248
Buelens T, Costantini G, Luyckx K, Claes L (2020a) Comorbidity between non-suicidal self-injury disorder and borderline personality disorder in adolescents: a graphical network approach. Front Psych 11:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580922
Buelens T, Luyckx K, Gandhi A et al (2019) Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: longitudinal associations with psychological distress and rumination. J Abnorm Child Psychol 47:1569–1581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00531-8
Buelens T, Luyckx K, Kiekens G et al (2020b) Investigating the DSM-5 criteria for non-suicidal self-injury disorder in a community sample of adolescents. J Affect Disord 260:314–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.009
Burke TA, Piccirillo ML, Moore-Berg SL et al (2019) The stigmatization of nonsuicidal self-injury. J Clin Psychol 75:481–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22713
Campbell L, Beech A (2018) Is there a link between psychopathy and self-harm? A review of the literature. International Journal of Risk and Recovery 1(2):4–15. https://doi.org/10.15173/ijrr.v1i2.3475
Carli V, Jovanović N, Podlešek A et al (2010) The role of impulsivity in self-mutilators, suicide ideators and suicide attempters – a study of 1265 male incarcerated individuals. J Affect Disord 123:116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.119
Carver CS, Harmon-Jones E (2009) Anger is an approach-related affect: evidence and implications. Psychol Bull 135:183–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013965
Chapman AL, Gratz KL, Brown MZ (2006) Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: the experiential avoidance model. Behav Res Ther 44:371–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005
Chapman AL, Specht MW, Cellucci T (2005) Borderline personality disorder and deliberate self-harm: does experiential avoidance play a role? Suicide Life-Threatening Behav 35:388–399. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2005.35.4.388
Cipriano A, Cella S, Cotrufo P (2017) Nonsuicidal self-injury: a systematic review. Front Psychol 8:1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01946
Claes L, Vandereycken W, Vertommen H (2007) Self-injury in female versus male psychiatric patients: a comparison of characteristics, psychopathology and aggression regulation. Pers Individ Dif 42:611–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.07.021
Crouch W, Wright J (2004) Deliberate self-harm at an adolescent unit: a qualitative investigation. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 9:185–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104504041918
De Rijdt L (2007) Automutilatie: bloed, zweet en tranen
de Vogel V, Verstegen N (2021) Self-injurious behaviour in forensic mental health care: a study into the prevalence and characteristics of incidents of self-injury. J Forensic Pract 23:106–116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFP-12-2020-0053
Dixon-Gordon K, Harrison N, Roesch R (2012) Non-suicidal self-injury within offender populations: a systematic review. Int J Forensic Ment Health 11:33–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2012.667513
Douglas N, Plugge E (2008) The health needs of imprisoned female juvenile offenders: the views of the young women prisoners and youth justice professionals. Int J Prison Health 4:66–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449200802038256
Dumais A, Lesage AD, Lalovic A et al (2005) Is violent method of suicide a behavioral marker of lifetime aggression? Am J Psychiatry 162:1375–1378. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1375
Favril L, Yu R, Hawton K, Fazel S (2020) Risk factors for self-harm in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 7:682–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30190-5
Fox KR, Franklin JC, Ribeiro JD et al (2015) Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury. Clin Psychol Rev 42:156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.002
Franklin JC, Hessel ET, Aaron RV et al (2010) The functions of nonsuicidal self-injury: support for cognitive–affective regulation and opponent processes from a novel psychophysiological paradigm. J Abnorm Psychol 119:850–862. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020896
Gallagher J, Sheldon K (2010) Assessing the functions of self-harm behaviours for dangerous and severely personality disordered males in a high secure hospital. Br J Forensic Pract 12:22–32. https://doi.org/10.5042/bjfp.2010.0035
Gandhi A, Luyckx K, Baetens I et al (2018) Age of onset of non-suicidal self-injury in Dutch-speaking adolescents and emerging adults: an event history analysis of pooled data. Compr Psychiatry 80:170–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.10.007
Gatta M, Dal Santo F, Rago A et al (2016) Alexithymia, impulsiveness, and psychopathology in nonsuicidal self-injured adolescents. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 12:2307–2317. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S106433
Glenn CR, Klonsky ED (2015) Nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: an empirical investigation in adolescent psychiatric patients. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 42:496–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.794699
Gratz KL (2003) Risk factors for and functions of deliberate self-harm: an empirical and conceptual review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 10:192–205. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bpg022
Gratz KL, Conrad SD, Roemer L (2002) Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among college students. Am J Orthopsychiatry 72:128–140. https://doi.org/10.1037//0002-9432.72.1.128
Gray NS, Hill C, McGleish A et al (2003) Prediction of violence and self-harm in mentally disordered offenders: a prospective study of the efficacy of HCR-20, PCL-R, and psychiatric symptomatology. J Consult Clin Psychol 71:443–451. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.443
Guénolé F, Spiers S, Gicquel L et al (2021) Interpersonal relatedness and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Front Psych 12:1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.731629
Gunderson JG, Herpertz SC, Skodol AE et al (2018) Borderline personality disorder. Nat Rev Dis Prim 4:18029. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.29
Haliczer LA, Woods SE, Dixon-Gordon KL (2021) Emotion regulation difficulties and interpersonal conflict in borderline personality disorder. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat 12:347–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000436
Hamza CA, Stewart SL, Willoughby T (2012) Examining the link between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: a review of the literature and an integrated model. Clin Psychol Rev 32:482–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.003
Hawton K (2000) Sex and suicide: gender differences in suicidal behaviour. Br J Psychiatry 177:484–485. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.6.484
Hawton K, Saunders KEA, O’Connor RC (2012) Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. Lancet 379:2373–2382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5
Heney J (2007) Women offender programs and issues: report on self- injurious behaviour in the Kingston prison for women. In: Correct. Serv. Canada
Henry C, Demotes-Mainard J (2008) SSRIs, suicide and violent behavior: is there a need for a better definition of the depressive state? Curr Drug Saf 1:59–62. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488606775252665
Hillbrand M, Young JL, Krystal JH (1996) Recurrent self-injurious behavior in forensic patients. Psychiatry Q 67:33–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244273
Hilt LM, Cha CB, Nolen-Hoeksema S (2008) Nonsuicidal self-injury in young adolescent girls: moderators of the distress-function relationship. J Consult Clin Psychol 76:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.63
Hodgson S (2004) Cutting through the silence: a sociological construction of self-injury. Sociol Inq 74:162–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2004.00085.x
Holmqvist R, Carlberg M, Hellgren L (2008) Deliberate self-harm behaviour in Swedish adolescent girls reports from public assessment and treatment agencies. Child Youth Care Forum 37:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-007-9044-0
In-Albon T, Ruf C, Schmid M (2013) Proposed diagnostic criteria for the DSM-5 of nonsuicidal self-injury in female adolescents: diagnostic and clinical correlates. Psychiatry J 2013:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/159208
International Society for the Study of Self-Injury (2018) What is self-injury? https://itriples.org/about-self-injury/what-is-self-injury. Accessed 24 Apr 2020
Ivanoff A, Hayes LM (2001) Preventing, managing, and treating suicidal actions in high-risk offenders. In: Treating adult and juvenile offenders with special needs. American Psychological Association, Washington, pp 313–331
Jorgensen CR (2006) Disturbed sense of identity in borderline personality disorder. J Personal Disord 20:618–644
Kaba F, Lewis A, Glowa-Kollisch S et al (2014) Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates. Am J Public Health 104:442–447. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301742
Kaess M, Brunner R, Chanen A (2014) Borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Pediatrics 134:782–793. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3677
Kaufman EA, Cundiff JM, Crowell SE (2015) The development, factor structure, and validation of the self-concept and identity measure (SCIM): a self-report assessment of clinical identity disturbance. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 37:122–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9441-2
Kleiman EM, Ammerman BA, Kulper DA et al (2015) Forms of non-suicidal self-injury as a function of trait aggression. Compr Psychiatry 59:21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.12.004
Klonsky ED (2007) The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence. Clin Psychol Rev 27:226–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002
Klonsky ED, Olino TM (2008) Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: a latent class analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 76:22–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.22
Klonsky ED, Victor SE, Saffer BY (2014) Nonsuicidal self-injury: what we know, and what we need to know. Can J Psychiatr 59:565–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371405901101
Korzekwa MI, Dell PF, Links PS et al (2009) Dissociation in borderline personality disorder: a detailed Look. J Trauma Dissociation 10:346–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299730902956838
Lader D, Singleton N, Meltzer H (2003) Psychiatric morbidity among young offenders in England and Wales. Int Rev Psychiatry 15:144–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/0954026021000046074
Laporte N, Klein Tuente S, Ozolins A et al (2021a) Emotion regulation and self-harm among forensic psychiatric patients. Front Psychol 12:710751. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710751
Laporte N, Ozolins A, Westling S et al (2021b) Clinical characteristics and self-harm in forensic psychiatric patients. Front Psych 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYT.2021.698372
Loas G, Speranza M, Pham-Scottez A et al (2012) Alexithymia in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. J Psychosom Res 72:147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.11.006
Loughran M, Seewoonarain K (2005) Characteristics of need and risk among women prisoners referred to inreach mental health services. Br J Forensic Pract 7:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636646200500017
Lutz NM, Neufeld SAS, Hook RW et al (2022) Why is non-suicidal self-injury more common in women? Mediation and moderation analyses of psychological distress, emotion dysregulation, and impulsivity. Arch Suicide Res 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2022.2084004
Mancke F, Herpertz SC, Bertsch K (2015) Aggression in borderline personality disorder: a multidimensional model. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat 6:278–291. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000098
Mann JJ, Currier D (2009) Biological predictors of suicidal behavior in mood disorders. In: Wasserman D, Wasserman C (eds) Oxford textbook of suicide prevention: a global perspective. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 335–341
Mannion A (2009) Self-harm in a dangerous and severely personality disordered population. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol 20:322–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940802377106
Marzano L, Adler JR (2007) Supporting staff working with prisoners who self-harm: a survey of support services for staff dealing with self-harm in prisons in England and Wales. Int J Prison Health 3:268–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449200701682501
Møhl B (2019) Assessment and treatment of non-suicidal self-injury: a clinical perspective. Routledge, New York
Muehlenkamp JJ, Brausch A, Quigley K, Whitlock J (2013) Interpersonal features and functions of nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav 43:67–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00128.x
Neustadter ES, Fotopoulou A, Steinfeld M, Fineberg SK (2021) Mentalization and embodied selfhood in borderline personality disorder. J Conscious Stud 28:126–157
Nock MK, Cha C (2009) Psychological models of non-suicidal self-injury. In: Nock MK (ed) Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: origins, assessment and treatment. American Psychological Association, Washington DC, pp 65–77
Nock MK, Joiner TE, Gordon KH et al (2006) Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res 144:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.010
Nock MK, Prinstein MJ (2004) A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. J Consult Clin Psychol 72:885–890. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.885
Nolen-Hoeksema S (2012) Emotion regulation and psychopathology: the role of gender. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 8:161–187. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109
O’Donnell O, House A, Waterman M (2015) The co-occurrence of aggression and self-harm: systematic literature review. J Affect Disord 175:325–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.051
Pérez S, Marco JH, García-Alandete J (2014) Comparison of clinical and demographic characteristics among borderline personality disorder patients with and without suicidal attempts and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors. Psychiatry Res 220:935–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.09.001
Plener PL, Schumacher TS, Munz LM, Groschwitz RC (2015) The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation 2:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-014-0024-3
Plutchik R (1995) Outward and inward directed aggressiveness: the interaction between violence and suicidality. Pharmacopsychiatry 28:47–57. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-979620/BIB
Power J, Gobeil R, Beaudette JN et al (2016) Childhood abuse, nonsuicidal self-injury, and suicide attempts: an exploration of gender differences in incarcerated adults. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav 46:745–751. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12263
Pratt D, Appleby L, Piper M et al (2010) Suicide in recently released prisoners: a case-control study. Psychol Med 40:827–835. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709991048
Rodríguez-Blanco L, Carballo JJ, Baca-García E (2018) Use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI): a systematic review. Psychiatry Res 263:212–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.051
Schmahl C, Treede RD, Kleindienst N et al (2016) The role of seeing blood in non-suicidal self-injury in female patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 246:676–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.066
Selby EA, Anestis MD, Joiner TE (2008) Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: emotional cascades. Behav Res Ther 46:593–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.002
Selby EA, Connell LD, Joiner TE (2010) The pernicious blend of rumination and fearlessness in non-suicidal self-injury. Cognit Ther Res 34:421–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9260-z
Selby EA, Joiner TE (2009) Cascades of emotion: the emergence of borderline personality disorder from emotional and behavioral dysregulation. Rev Gen Psychol 13:219–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015687
Selby EA, Kranzler A, Panza E, Fehling KB (2016) Bidirectional-compounding effects of rumination and negative emotion in predicting impulsive behavior: implications for emotional cascades. J Pers 84:139–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12147
Selby EA, Nock MK, Kranzler A (2014) How does self-injury feel? Examining automatic positive reinforcement in adolescent self-injurers with experience sampling. Psychiatry Res 215:417–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.005
Selenius H, Strand S (2017) Experiences of self-injury and aggression among women admitted to forensic psychiatric care. Nord J Psychiatry 71:304–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2017.1283443
Short V, Cooper J, Shaw J et al (2009) Custody vs care: attitudes of prison staff to self-harm in women prisoners – a qualitative study. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol 20:408–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940802377114
Silverman JR, Ross EH, Kearney CA (2018) Non-suicidal self-injury among male adjudicated adolescents: psychosocial concerns, coping responses, diagnoses, and functions. J Child Fam Stud 27:3564–3571. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10826-018-1172-7/TABLES/1
Stanley B, Gameroff MJ, Michalsen V, Mann JJ (2001) Are suicide attempters who self-mutilate a unique population? Am J Psychiatry 158:427–432. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.427
Swannell SV, Martin GE, Page A et al (2014) Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav 44:273–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12070
Tang J, Ma Y, Guo Y et al (2013) Association of aggression and non-suicidal self injury: a school-based sample of adolescents. PLoS One 8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078149
Taylor B (2003) Exploring the perspectives of men who self-harm. Learn Heal Soc Care 2:83–91. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1473-6861.2003.00042.x
Terzi L, Martino F, Berardi D et al (2017) Aggressive behavior and self-harm in borderline personality disorder: the role of impulsivity and emotion dysregulation in a sample of outpatients. Psychiatry Res 249:321–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.011
Turner BJ, Cobb RJ, Gratz KL, Chapman AL (2016) The role of interpersonal conflict and perceived social support in nonsuicidal self-injury in daily life. J Abnorm Psychol 125:588–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000141
Verstegen N, de Vogel V, Huitema A et al (2020) Physical violence during mandatory psychiatric treatment: prevalence and patient characteristics. Crim Justice Behav 47:771–789. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820924691
Victor SE, Klonsky ED (2014) Daily emotion in non-suicidal self-injury. J Clin Psychol 70:364–375. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22037
Völlm BA, Dolan MC (2009) Self-harm among UK female prisoners: a cross-sectional study. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol 20:741–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940903174030
Wang Y-J, Li X, Ng CH, et al (2022) Risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents: a meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine 46:101350. 10.1016/j
Whitlock J, Muehlenkamp JJ, Purington A et al (2011) Nonsuicidal self-injury in a college population: general trends and sex differences. J Am Coll Heal 59:691–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2010.529626
Wilkinson-Ryan T, Westen D (2000) Identity disturbance in borderline personality disorder: an empirical investigation. Am J Psychiatry 157:528–541. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.528
Wilkinson P, Goodyer I (2011) Non-suicidal self-injury. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20:103–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-010-0156-y
You J, Leung F, Lai CM, Fu K (2012) The associations between non-suicidal self-injury and borderline personality disorder features among Chinese adolescents. J Personal Disord 26:226–237. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2012.26.2.226
Zetterqvist M (2015) The DSM-5 diagnosis of nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: a review of the empirical literature. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 9:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0062-7
Zhang P, Roberts RE, Liu Z et al (2012) Hostility, physical aggression and trait anger as predictors for suicidal behavior in Chinese adolescents: a school-based study. PLoS One 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0031044
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Buelens, T., Luckas, N., Verschuere, B. (2023). Non-suicidal Self-Injury as Self-Directed Aggression in Community, Clinical and Forensic Populations. In: Martin, C., Preedy, V.R., Patel, V.B. (eds) Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_19-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_19-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-98711-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-98711-4
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences