Abstract
Howard Earl Gardner, a prominent American developmental psychologist and educational thinker, has made significant contributions to the fields of educational and cognitive psychology. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences (MI), which explores the relationship between human intelligence and abilities from multiple perspectives. Gardner’s early research on the abilities of children and adults with brain damage led to his groundbreaking insights. In 1983, he gained global recognition for his book Frames of Mind, which introduced the theory of MI and established him as an influential figure in psychology and education. After a year at the London School of Economics, Gardner graduated from Harvard College in 1965 and earned his Ph.D. from the same university in developmental psychology. He spent two decades at the Boston Veterans Administration Hospital before returning to Harvard in 1986 as a professor of education and the codirector of Project Zero. He became the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Research Professor of Cognition and Education at the Graduate School of Education in 1998, where he worked until his retirement in 2019. Gardner has authored more than 20 books, inspiring numerous schools and educational movements worldwide by emphasizing the importance of multiple skills beyond math and reading. Gardner’s focus on creativity, leadership, and social impact has inspired educators, entrepreneurs, and the business world. His books have been published globally and translated into numerous languages. His most recent works include A Synthesizing Mind and The Real World of College, coauthored with Wendy Fischman. Gardner maintains a blog where he shares his ideas on current trends in art, artificial intelligence, and their connections to the theory of multiple intelligences.
References
Amitha, V., & Vijayalaxmi, A. (2017). Multiple intelligence approach in the school curriculum: A review article. International Journal of Home Science, 3(3), 324–327.
Armstrong, T. (2009). Multiple intelligences in the classroom (3rd ed.). Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.
Brualdi, A. C. (1996). Multiple intelligences: Gardner’s theory (ED410226). ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED410226
Campbell, L., & Campbell, B. (1999). Multiple intelligences and student achievement success stories from six schools. ERIC Clearinghouse.
Chang, J. (2002). Scaffolding the joint venture for developing and implementing a meaningful individualized education program. NABE News, 26(2), 26–36.
Course-Choi, J., & Hammond, L. (2021). Social media use and adolescent well-being: A narrative review of longitudinal studies. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 24(4), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0020
Fischman, W., & Gardner, H. (2022). The real world of college the real world of college: What higher education is and what it can be. MIT Press.
Gardner, H. (1972). Style sensitivity in children. Human Development, 15(6), 325–338. https://doi.org/10.1159/000271255
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1985). The mind’s new science: A history of the cognitive revolution. Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1991). Unschooled mind: How children think and how schools should teach. Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1992). Assessment in context: The alternative to standardized testing. In B. R. Gifford & M. C. O’Connor (Eds.), Changing assessment: Alternative view of aptitude, achievement and instruction (pp. 77–119). Kluwer Academic.
Gardner, H. (1993a). Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice. Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1993b). Creating minds: An anatomy of creativity seen through the lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi. Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (2011). The good work project: An introduction. In M. M. Beyerlein, C. Beyerlein, & L. A. Kennedy (Eds.), The handbook of high-performance virtual teams: A toolkit for collaborating across boundaries (pp. 3–11). John Wiley & Sons.
Gardner, H. (2022). Smart lexicon: A portfolio of intellectual strengths. Education Week, 41(19), 18–19.
Gardner, H. (n.d.). Official authoritative site of multiple intelligence. Multiple Intelligence Oasis. https://www.multipleintelligencesoasis.org/
Gardner, H., & Hatch, H. (1989). Multiple intelligences to school: Educational implications of the theory of multiple intelligences. Educational Researcher, 18, 4–9. https://doi.org/10.2307/1176460
Gardner, H., & Moran, S. (2006). The science of multiple intelligences theory: A response to Lynn Waterhouse. Educational Psychologist, 41(4), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4104_2
Gardner, H., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Damon, W. (2005). Good work: When excellence and ethics meet. Basic Books.
Goleman, D. (2007). Emotional intelligence (10th ed.). Bantam Books.
Janes, L. M., Koutsopanagos, C. L., Mason, D. S., & Villaranda, I. (2000). Improving student motivation through the use of engaged learning cooperative learning and multiple intelligences (Publication no. 443559, Master’s thesis). Saint Xavier University, ERIC Dissertations Publishing.
Klein, P. D. (1997). Multiplying the problems of intelligence by eight: A critique of Gardner’s theory. Canadian Journal of Education, 22(4), 377. https://doi.org/10.2307/1585790
Lepp, A., Li, J., Barkley, J. E., & Salehi-Esfahani, S. (2014). Exploring the relationships between college students’ cell phone use, personality and leisure. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343–350.
Mineo, L. (2020, September 8). Harvard scholar Howard Gardner reflects on his life and work. Harvard Gazette. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/05/harvard-scholar-howard-gardner-reflects-on-his-life-and-work/
Pearson, M. (2011). Multiple intelligences and the therapeutic alliance: Incorporating multiple intelligence theory and practice in counseling. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 13(3), 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642537.2011.596725
Pearson, M. (2016). Multiple intelligences training for counsellors: Reflections on a pilot program. Asia- Pacific Journal of Counselling & Psychotherapy, 7(1–2), 50–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507686.2016.1193035
Pearson, M., & O’Brien, P. (2012). Changing views of theory and practice in counseling: Multiple intelligences, eclecticism and the therapeutic alliance. Psychotherapy & Counselling Journal of Australia, 1(1). Online at: http://pacja.org.au/?p=465
Project Zero. (2022). About us. Retrieved May 28, 2023, from http://www.pz.harvard.edu/who-we-are/about.qw2z12q
Reeve, C. L., & Hakel, M. D. (2002). Asking the right questions about g. Human Performance, 15, 47–74.
Resnick, M. (2007). All I really need to know (about creative thinking) I learned (by studying how children learn) in kindergarten. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCHI conference on creativity & cognition (C&C ‘07) (pp. 1–6). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/1254960.1254961
Resnick, M. (2014). Lifelong kindergarten: Cultivating creativity through projects, passion, peers, and play. MIT Press.
Resnick, M., Maloney, J., Monroy-Hernández, A., Rusk, N., Eastmond, E., Brennan, K., Millner, A., Rosenbaum, E., Silver, J., Silverman, B., & Kafai, Y. (2009). Scratch: Programming for all. Communications of the ACM, 52(11), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1145/1592761.1592779
Shearer, C. B., & Karanian, J. M. (2017). The neuroscience of intelligence: Empirical support for the theory of multiple intelligences? Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 6, 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2017.02.002
Small Lab Learning. (2022). Small lab. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from https://www.smalllablearning.com/about/. https://www.smallablearning.com/smallab
Spearman, C. (1927). The abilities of man. Macmillan.
Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of intelligence. Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. (2002). The general factor of intelligence: How general is it? Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Thorndike, E. L. (1920). Intelligence and its uses. Harper’s Magazine, 140, 227–235.
Thurstone, L. L. (1938). Primary mental abilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tomlinson, C. A. (2014). The differentiated classroom: Responding to then needs of all learners (2nd ed.). ASCD.
Tomlinson, C. A., Brighton, C., Hertberg, H., Callahan, C. M., Moon, T. R., Brimijoin, K., Conover, L. A., & Reynolds, T. (2003). Differentiating instruction in response to student readiness, interest, and learning profile in academically diverse classrooms: A review of literature. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 27(2–3), 119–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/016235320302700203
Vannucci, A., & McCauley Ohannessian, C. (2019). Social media use subgroups differentially predict psychosocial well-being during early adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64, 762–769.
Waterhouse, L. (2006). Multiple intelligences, the Mozart effect, and emotional intelligence: A critical review. Educational Psychologist, 41, 207–225.
Further Readings
Chen, J.-Q., Moran, S., & Gardner, H. (Eds.). (2009). Multiple intelligences around the world. Jossey- Bass.
Gardner, H. (1972). The quest for mind: Piaget, Lévi-Strauss and the structuralist movement. Quartet Books.
Gardner, H. (1973). The arts and human development: A psychological study of the artistic process. John Wiley & Sons.
Gardner, H. (1983). Art, mind and brain: A cognitive approach to creativity. Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1997). Extraordinary minds: Portraits of 4 exceptional individuals and an examination of our own extraordinariness. Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (2000a). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (2000b). The disciplined mind. Penguin Books.
Gardner, H. (2003). Multiple intelligences after twenty years. The American Educational Research Association.
Gardner, H. (2006). Art education and human development. Getty Education Institute for the Arts.
Gardner, H. (2008). The five minds for the future. Schools, 5(1/2), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1086/591814
Gardner, H. (2022). A synthesizing mind A synthesizing mind: A memoir from the creator of multiple intelligences theory. MIT Press.
Gardner, H., & Davis, K. (2013). The app generation: How today’s youth navigate identity, intimacy, and imagination in a digital world. Yale University Press.
Laskin, E., & Gardner, H. (2011). Leading minds: An anatomy of leadership. Basic Books.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Tugberk, C., Sirin, S. (2024). Beyond Intelligence: The Life and Work of Howard Gardner. In: Geier, B.A. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Educational Thinkers . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81037-5_143-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81037-5_143-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81037-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81037-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education