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Energy Transition and Investment Protection in the Global South: The Case of Mozambique

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The Palgrave Handbook of Zero Carbon Energy Systems and Energy Transitions

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Energy Transitions ((PSET))

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Abstract

Climate change objectives call for a complete and urgent phasing out of fossil fuels, but countries adopting direct and indirect measures to achieve this objective are likely to breach their obligations under International Investment Law and the contracts they entered with foreign investors. In case of such breaches, investors, especially the carbon majors, have not hesitated to file claims under the relevant Investor-state Dispute Settlement systems (ISDS). The growing number of investor-state litigations and the staggering percentage of fossil fuel related claims have attracted the attention of many scholars who are pointing out the obstacles that such a regime can place (and is actually doing so) to achieving carbon neutrality. This debate is particularly heated in lower-income countries that are heavily dependent on foreign capital influx. Adopting a Global South perspective, this research review Mozambique’s investment regime with the objective of determining the risk of investor-state disputes in the booming fossil fuel industry.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Because of this uncertainty, this chapter only takes into consideration the energy investment numbers for 2018 and 2019 and not the projections, which can differ widely according to the post-pandemic economic recovery. (IEA 2020)

  2. 2.

    The emissions gap is the “difference between ‘where we are likely to be and where we need to be’” (UNEP 2020: XIV). Every year UNEP publishes the Emissions Gap Report and in the 2020 report, they main result is: “Are we on track to bridging the gap? Absolutely not” (UNEP 2020: XIV).

  3. 3.

    This data is gathered from the UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub at: https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements (retrieved on the 18/02/2021)

  4. 4.

    The official websites for the publications of information in the Oil, Gas and Coal sectors are: Instituto Nacioanl de Petróleo (INP) – http://www.inp.gov.mz/pt/Politicas-Regime-Legal/Legislacao/(offset)/20; Mnistério de Recursos Minerais e Energia (MIREME) -https://www.mireme.gov.mz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21&Itemid=109; Instituto Nacional de Minas (INAMI) – https://inami.gov.mz/index.php/projectos; and Mozambique Mining Cadastre – https://portals.landfolio.com/mozambique/pt/; Mozambique Mining Cadastre Portal – https://portals.landfolio.com/mozambique/en/

  5. 5.

    The total surface of Mozambique (786.400 km2) has been retrieved from the Country Profile database from the World Bank. https://databank.worldbank.org/embed-int/CountryProfile/id/b450fd57

  6. 6.

    Data retrieved from the Country Profile database from the World Bank Data at https://data.worldbank.org/country/mozambique.

  7. 7.

    República de Moçambique, Lei n. 20/2014: Lei de Minas, artt. 30 and 31.

  8. 8.

    Some of the corporations listed in Table 2 are no longer operating in the megaprojects under analysis. Nonetheless, they have been integrated since they could still wave their investment protections and hence bring claims under the ISDS system.

  9. 9.

    For more on Carbon Majors and their ranking, please see the Climate Accountability Institute data at: https://climateaccountability.org/carbonmajors.html

  10. 10.

    The complete corpus of law can be found at: http://www.impacto.co.mz/legislacao-ambiental/. See also: Dondeyne and Durang 2012.

  11. 11.

    Petroleum Law, art. 42 and Mining Law, art. 30.

  12. 12.

    It is important to underline that failed resettlement processes can lay the ground for the uprising of conflicts between the local population, the government and the corporations. A conflictual situation fueled by widespread miscontent can escalate into violent upsurge, which put the life of local populations at risk (as it is happening in Cabo Delgado) and also create great economic damages. (Humphreys 2005; Bob and Bronkhorst 2011; Christiansen, 2016).

  13. 13.

    To be considered harm, the economic loss must be superior to 5 million USD. (art. 26.2)

  14. 14.

    All the other sectors are regulated by the Investment Law, which does not provide for express or implied consent to arbitration. (art. 25.2) Hence, excluding “key sectors for FDI from basic investment rules and creates unnecessary discrimination between activities” (UNCTAD 2013, p.42) in favor the extractive nucleus.

  15. 15.

    E.g., the Dabhol powerplant project in India led to several investment arbitrations. (Bettauer 2009).

  16. 16.

    Southern African Development Community Agreement Amending Annex 1 (Co-operation on Investment) of The Protocol on Finance and Investment, (adopted 31 August 2016, entered into force 24 August 2017)

  17. 17.

    The Japan-Mozambique BIT does not cover any mega-project under analysis, but it is just quoted as an example of “balanced agreement”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Law, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

    Lea Di Salvatore

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  1. Lea Di Salvatore
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Correspondence to Lea Di Salvatore .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lecturer in Energy and Environmental Law, School of Law, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK

    Geoffrey Wood

  2. School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK

    Vincent Onyango

  3. Schl of Architecture and Built Env, University of Wolverhampton, WOLVERHAMPTON, UK

    Komali Yenneti

  4. Markets and Policy Associate, European Federation of Energy Traders (EFET), Toronto, Canada

    Maria Anastasia Liakopoulou

Section Editor information

  1. School of Law, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom

    Geoff Wood

  2. University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom

    Vincent Onyango

  3. Australia India Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Komali Yenneti

  4. School of Architecture and Built Environment, Univerity of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK

    Komali Yenneti

  5. European Federation of Energy Traders, Brussels, Belgium

    Mariana Liakopoulou

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Di Salvatore, L. (2022). Energy Transition and Investment Protection in the Global South: The Case of Mozambique. In: Wood, G., Onyango, V., Yenneti, K., Liakopoulou, M.A. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Zero Carbon Energy Systems and Energy Transitions. Palgrave Studies in Energy Transitions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74380-2_26-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74380-2_26-2

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  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-74380-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-74380-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Social SciencesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

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  1. Latest

    Energy Transition and Investment Protection in the Global South: The Case of Mozambique
    Published:
    26 November 2022

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74380-2_26-2

  2. Original

    Energy Transition and Investment Protection in the Global South: The Case of Mozambique
    Published:
    06 August 2022

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74380-2_26-1

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