Abstract
The presence of phytopathogens in fruits at different stages of their production leads to significant losses not only at field but also at postharvest stage. The main strategy for disease control is the application of chemical fungicides due to their high efficacy; however, they have been widely studied in terms of residual presence in the environment as well as an association with various microbial resistance to their action. Besides, health problems associated with their use is also documented. The use of nanotechnology is promising as an alternative for postharvest disease control instead of the application of fungicides from chemical origin. Nanomaterials are more efficient compared to micrometric materials. Besides, chitosan as an ecofriendly treatment, at nanoscale, can be applied with other control systems. This chapter discusses different control methods and summarizes information about the use and application of chitosan nanomaterials on various fruits for controlling diseases as well as the maintenance of quality parameters.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Abdollahi M, Damirchi S, Shafafi M et al (2019) Carboxymethyl cellulose-agar biocomposite film activated with summer savory essential oil as an antimicrobial agent. Int J Biol Macromol 126:561–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.115
Al-Dhabaan FA, Shoala T, Ali M, AA et al (2017) Chemically-produced copper, zinc nanoparticles and chitosan-bimetallic nanocomposites and their antifungal activity against three phytopathogenic fungi. Inter J Agr Technol 13:753–769
Ali AA, Toliba AO (2018) Effect of organic calcium spraying and Nano Chitosan fruits coating on yield, fruit quality and storability of peach cv ‘Early swelling’. Curr Sci Inter 7:737–749
Al-Safah AH, Al-Faragi JK (2017) Influence of thyme thymus vulgaris as feed additives on growth performance and as antifungal activity against Saprolegnia spp. in Cyprinus carpio L. J Entomol Zool Studies 5:1598–1602
Amiri A, Ramezanian A, Mortazavi SMH et al (2020) Shelf-life extension of pomegranate arils using chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Satureja hortensis essential oil. J Sci Food Agric 0–2. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11010
Arabpoor B, Yousefi S, Weisany W, Ghasemlou M (2021) Multifunctional coating composed of Eryngium campestre L. essential oil encapsulated in nano-chitosan to prolong the shelf-life of fresh cherry fruits. Food Hydrocoll 111:106394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106394
Barkai-Golan R (2001) In: Barkai-Golan R (ed) Postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables: development and control, 1st edn. Google Libros, Elsevier
Bautista-Baños S, Romanazzi G, Jiménez-Aparicio A (2016) Chitosan in the preservation of agricultural commodities. Academic Press
Berger S, Sinha AK, Roitsch T (2007) Plant physiology meets phytopathology: plant primary metabolism and plant pathogen interactions. J Exp Bot 58:4019–4026. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm298
Braga P, Alencar G, Alves S et al (2019) International Journal of Biological Macromolecules Application of coatings formed by chitosan and Mentha essential oils to control anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloesporioides and C. brevisporum in papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit. Inter J Biolog Macromolecules 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.010
Castelo Branco Melo NF, de MendonçaSoares BL, Marques Diniz K et al (2018) Effects of fungal chitosan nanoparticles as eco-friendly edible coatings on the quality of postharvest table grapes. Postharvest Biol Technol 139:56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2018.01.014
Chandrasekaran M, Kim KD, Chun SC (2020) Antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles: A review. PRO 8:1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/PR8091173
Chávez-Magdaleno ME, Luque-Alcaraz AG, GutÍerrez-Mart Ínez P et al (2018) Effect of chitosan-pepper tree (Schinus molle) essential oil biocomposites on the growth kinetics, viability and membrane integrity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química 17:29–45
Chavez-Magdaleno ME, Luque-Alcaraz AG, Gutierrez-Martınez P et al (2018) Effect of chitosan-pepper tree (Schinus molle) essential oil. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química 17:29–45
Chowdappa P, Gowda S, Chethana CS, Madhura S (2014) Antifungal activity of chitosan-silver nanoparticle composite against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides associated with mango anthracnose. Afr J Microbiol Res 8:1803–1812. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2013.6584
Correa-Pacheco ZN, Bautista-Baños S, Valle-Marquina MÁ, Hernández-López M (2017) The effect of nanostructured chitosan and chitosan-thyme essential oil coatings on colletotrichum gloeosporioides growth in vitro and on cv hass avocado and fruit quality. J Phytopathol 165:297–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12562
Correa-Pacheco ZN, Bautista-Baños S, Hernández-López M, Marquina-Valle MÁ (2018) Evaluación de nanoformulaciones en el desarrollo in vitro de hongos fitopatógenos. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, Mexican. J Phytopathol. https://doi.org/10.18781/r.mex.fit.1803-2
Cortés-Higareda M, de Lorena R-GM, Correa-Pacheco ZN et al (2019) Nanostructured chitosan/propolis formulations: characterization and effect on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxins. Heliyon 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01776
Delgado J, Bullón SJ-L (2015) Nanopartículas: fundamentos y aplicaciones
Detsi A, Kavetsou E, Kostopoulou I et al (2020) Nanosystems for the encapsulation of natural products: The case of chitosan biopolymer as a matrix. Pharmaceutics 12:1–68. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12070669
Droby S, Wisniewski M (2018) The fruit microbiome: a new frontier for postharvest biocontrol and postharvest biology. Postharvest Biol Technol 140:107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2018.03.004
Duan C, Meng X, Meng J et al (2019) Chitosan as a preservative for fruits and vegetables: a review on chemistry and antimicrobial properties. J Bioresources Bioproducts 4:11–21. https://doi.org/10.21967/jbb.v4i1.189
Dukare AS, Paul S, Nambi VE et al (2019) Exploitation of microbial antagonists for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 59:1498–1513
Durian G, Jeschke V, Rahikainen M et al (2020) Protein Phosphatase 2A-B9g Controls Botrytis cinerea Resistance and Developmental Leaf Senescence1[Open]. Plant Physiol 182:1161–1181. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.00893
Eldib R, Khojah E, Elhakem A et al (2020) Chitosan, nisin, silicon dioxide nanoparticles coating films effects on blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) quality. CoatingsTech 10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100962
El-Ramady HR, Domokos-Szabolcsy É, Abdalla NA et al (2015) Postharvest management of fruits and vegetables storage. Springer, Cham, pp 65–152
Eshghi S, Hashemi M (2014) Effect of nanochitosan-based coating with and without copper loaded on physicochemical and bioactive components of fresh strawberry fruit (fragaria x ananassa duchesne) during storage. Food Bioprocess Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1281-2
Fernando I, Fei J, Stanley R, Enshaei H (2018) Measurement and evaluation of the effect of vibration on fruits in transit-Review. Packag Technol Sci 31:723–738. https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2409
Gad MM, Zagzog OA, M HO (2016) Development of nano-chitosan edible coating for peach fruits Cv. Desert Red Inter J Environ 5:43–55.
González-Estrada R, Blancas-Benítez F, Velázquez-Estrada RM et al (2019) Alternative eco-friendly methods in the control of post-harvest decay of tropical and subtropical fruits. Intech Open, In, pp 1–22
Gustavsson J, Cederberg C, Sonesson U, Emanuelsson A (2013) The methodology of the FAO study: “Global Food Losses and Food Waste-extent, causes and prevention”. FAO
Gutiérrez-Martínez P, Chacón-López A, Xoca-Orozco LA et al (2016) Chitosan and changes in gene expression during fruit–pathogen interaction at postharvest stage. In: Chitosan in the preservation of agricultural commodities. Academic Press, pp 299–311
Gutiérrez-Martínez P, Ramos-Guerrero A, Rodríguez-Pereida C et al (2018) Chitosan for postharvest disinfection of fruits and vegetables. Postharvest Disinfect Fruits Vegetables 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812698-1.00012-1
Hashim AF, Youssef K, Abd-Elsalam KA (2019) Ecofriendly nanomaterials for controlling gray mold of table grapes and maintaining postharvest quality. Eur J Plant Pathol 154:377–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-01662-2
Huang X, Ren J, Li P et al. (2020) Potential of microbial endophytes to enhance the resistance to postharvest diseases of fruit and vegetables. J Sci Food Agric JSFA. 10829. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10829
Ishkeh SR, Shirzad H, Asghari MR et al (2021) Effect of chitosan nanoemulsion on enhancing the phytochemical contents, health-promoting components, and shelf life of raspberry (Rubus sanctus schreber). Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 11:1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052224
Janisiewicz WJ, Korsten L (2002) Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits. Annu Rev Phytopathol 40:411–441. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.120401.130158
Kabelitz T, Schmidt B, Herppich WB, Hassenberg K (2019) Effects of hot water dipping on apple heat transfer and post-harvest fruit quality. LWT 108:416–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.03.067
Kalaivani R, Maruthupandy M, Muneeswaran T et al (2018) Synthesis of chitosan mediated silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for potential antimicrobial applications. Front Laborat Med 2:30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flm.2018.04.002
Kaur M, Kalia A, Thakur A (2017) Effect of biodegradable chitosan–rice-starch nanocomposite films on post-harvest quality of stored peach fruit. Starch/Staerke 69:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201600208
Kumar D, Barad S, Sionov E et al (2017) Does the host contribute to modulation of mycotoxin production by fruit pathogens? Toxins 9:280. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090280
Li Y, Rokayya S, Jia F et al (2021) Shelf-life, quality, safety evaluations of blueberry fruits coated with chitosan nano-material films. Sci Rep 11:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80056-z
Liu RH (2003) Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Am J Clin Nutr 78:517–520. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.3.517s
Ma Z, Garrido-Maestu A, Jeong KC (2017) Application, mode of action, and in vivo activity of chitosan and its micro- and nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: A review. Carbohydr Polym 176:257–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.082
Ma Q, Cong Y, Wang J et al (2020) Pre-harvest treatment of kiwifruit trees with mixed culture fermentation broth of Trichoderma pseudokoningii and Rhizopus nigricans prolonged the shelf life and improved the quality of fruit. Postharvest Biol Technol 162:111099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.111099
Martinez DA, Loening UE, Graham MC (2018) Impacts of glyphosate-based herbicides on disease resistance and health of crops: a review. Environ Sci Eur 30:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0131-7
Melo NFCB, de Lima MAB, Stamford TLM et al (2020) In vivo and in vitro antifungal effect of fungal chitosan nanocomposite edible coating against strawberry phytopathogenic fungi. Int J Food Sci Technol 55:3381–3391. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14669
Mendgen K, Hahn M, Deising H (1996) Morphogenesis and mechanisms of penetration by plant pathogenic fungi. Annu Rev Phytopathol 34:367–386. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.367
Mohammadi A, Hashemi M, Hosseini SM (2015) Nanoencapsulation of Zataria multiflora essential oil preparation and characterization with enhanced antifungal activity for controlling Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mould disease. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 28:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2014.12.011
Moussa SH, Tayel AA, Alsohim AS, Abdallah RR (2013) Botryticidal activity of nanosized silver-chitosan composite and its application for the control of gray mold in strawberry. J Food Sci 78:1589–1594. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12247
Moyo P, Fourie PH, Masikane SL et al (2020) The effects of postharvest treatments and sunlight exposure on the reproductive capability and viability of phyllosticta citricarpa in citrus black spot fruit lesions. Plan Theory 9:1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121813
Mukherjee A, Verma JP, Gaurav AK et al (2020) Yeast a potential bio-agent: future for plant growth and postharvest disease management for sustainable agriculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104:1497–1510
Nguyen VTB, Nguyen DHH, Nguyen HVH (2020) Combination effects of calcium chloride and nano-chitosan on the postharvest quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Postharvest Biol Technol 162(111103). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.111103
Pan YG, Yuan MQ, Zhang WM, Zhang ZK (2017) Effect of low temperatures on chilling injury in relation to energy status in papaya fruit during storage. Postharvest Biol Technol 125:181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.11.016
Park MH, Sangwanangkul P, Choi JW (2018) Reduced chilling injury and delayed fruit ripening in tomatoes with modified atmosphere and humidity packaging. Sci Hortic 231:66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.021
Peralta-Ruiz Y, Grande Tovar C, Sinning-Mangonez A et al (2020) Colletotrichum gloesporioides inhibition using chitosan-Ruta graveolens L essential oil coatings: Studies in vitro and in situ on Carica papaya fruit. Int J Food Microbiol 326:108649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108649
Pinto CA, Moreira SA, Fidalgo LG et al (2020) Effects of high-pressure processing on fungi spores: Factors affecting spore germination and inactivation and impact on ultrastructure. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 19:553–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12534
Ramos-Guerrero A, González-Estrada RR, Hanako-Rosas G et al (2018) Use of inductors in the control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizopus stolonifer isolated from soursop fruits: in vitro tests. Food Sci Biotechnol 27:755–763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-018-0305-5
Ramos-Guerrero A, González-Estrada RR, Romanazzi G et al (2019) Effects of chitosan in the control of postharvest anthracnose of soursop (Annona muricata) fruit. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química 19:99–108
Romanazzi G, Feliziani E, Sivakumar D (2018) Chitosan, a biopolymer with triple action on postharvest decay of fruit and vegetables: Eliciting, antimicrobial and film-forming properties. Front Microbiol 9:1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02745
Saharan V, Mehrotra A, Khatik R et al (2013) Synthesis of chitosan based nanoparticles and their in vitro evaluation against phytopathogenic fungi. Int J Biol Macromol 62:677–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.012
Saharan V, Sharma G, Yadav M et al (2015) Synthesis and in vitro antifungal efficacy of Cu-chitosan nanoparticles against pathogenic fungi of tomato. Int J Biol Macromol 75:346–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.027
Sampathkumar K, Tan KX, Loo SCJ (2020) Developing nano-delivery systems for agriculture and food applications with nature-derived polymers. iScience 23:101055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101055
Sanchez-Flack J, Baquero B, Lin S-F et al (2019) Evaluation of store environment changes of an in-store intervention to promote fruits and vegetables in Latino/Hispanic-Focused Food Stores. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:65. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010065
Slavin JL, Lloyd B (2012) Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Adv Nutr 3:506–516. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.002154.506
Sommer NF (1985) Role of controlled environments in suppression of postharvest diseases. Can J Plant Pathol 7:331–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060668509501700
Suryadi Y, Samudra I, Susriani SBM (2020) The use of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles to control anthracnose disease on papaya. Suranaree J Sci Technol 27:1–12
Tian SP (2007) Management of postharvest diseases in stone and pome fruit crops. In: General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease Management. Springer, Netherlands, pp 131–147
Valcke M, Bourgault MH, Rochette L et al (2017) Human health risk assessment on the consumption of fruits and vegetables containing residual pesticides: a cancer and non-cancer risk/benefit perspective. Environ Int 108:63–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.023
Wang Z, Yuan G, Pu H et al (2021) 1-Methylcyclopropene suppressed the growth of Penicillium digitatum and inhibited the green mould in citrus fruit. J Phytopathol 169:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12961
Worrall E, Hamid A, Mody K et al (2018) Nanotechnol Plant Dis Manag Agron 8:285. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8120285
Xing Y, Yang H, Guo X et al (2020) Effect of chitosan/Nano-TiO2 composite coatings on the postharvest quality and physicochemical characteristics of mango fruits. Sci Hortic 263:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109135
Yang X, Zhang P, Wei Z et al (2020) Effects of CO2 fertilization on tomato fruit quality under reduced irrigation. Agric Water Manag 230:105985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105985
Youssef K, Hashim AF (2020a) Inhibitory effect of clay/chitosan nanocomposite against Penicillium digitatum on citrus and its possible mode of action. Jordan J Biolog Sci 13:349–355
Youssef K, Hashim AF (2020b) Inhibitory effect of clay/chitosan nanocomposite against Penicillium digitatum on citrus and its possible mode of action. Jordan J Biolog Sci 13:349–355
Youssef K, de Oliveira AG, Tischer CA et al (2019) Synergistic effect of a novel chitosan/silica nanocomposites-based formulation against gray mold of table grapes and its possible mode of action. Int J Biol Macromol 141:247–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.249
Zhang S, Zheng Q, Xu B, Liu J (2019) Identification of the fungal pathogens of postharvest disease on peach fruits and the control mechanisms of bacillus subtilis jk-14. Toxins 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060322
Zhang X, Li B, Zhang Z et al (2020) Antagonistic Yeasts: A Promising Alternative to Chemical Fungicides for Controlling Postharvest Decay of Fruit. Journal of Fungi 6:158. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030158
Zhu Y, Li D, Belwal T et al (2019) Effect of nano-SiOx/chitosan complex coating on the physicochemical characteristics and preservation performance of green tomato. Molecules 24:1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244552
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
González-Estrada, R.R. et al. (2022). Chitosan: Postharvest Ecofriendly Nanotechnology, Control of Decay, and Quality in Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. In: Shanker, U., Hussain, C.M., Rani, M. (eds) Handbook of Green and Sustainable Nanotechnology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69023-6_24-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69023-6_24-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-69023-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-69023-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics