Abstract
Protein accumulation is a biological process in which mis-folded proteins aggregate and clump together either intra- or extracellularly. The lack of reliable sensors and the complex nature of these peptide aggregate make it challenging to detect them in the early stages of formation/growth. Rapid advances and ongoing research in the field of nanomaterials can provide practical solutions for the early monitoring and detection of amyloid aggregation. This chapter focuses on using quantum dot multimodal probes for amyloid detection. The fluorescent probes enable the in vitro monitoring of insulin, human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), and amyloid (Aβ−42) (Aβ42) oligomers and monomers during the fibrillogenesis dynamic. Moreover, research has shown that the quantum dot probe demonstrates 10 times greater signals when it comes to real-time detection of amyloid intermediates and fibrils compared to the traditionally used thioflavin dye. A negative ΔG° (standard free energy change for the reaction) value(−36.21 kJ/mol) for quantum dot probes indicates spontaneous interaction of the probe with the peptides. Thermodynamic measurements show that these interactions involve hydrogen bonding as well as hydrophobic (in an aqueous solution, nonpolar materials tend to accumulate and omit molecules of water) surface interactions. These probes monitor the in vitro fibrillation kinetics of various amyloid proteins having high specificity and sensitivity compared to thioflavin dye, as well as the existence of a 19F center (unique spectral signature in proteins). These properties make quantum dots effective probes for nonradiative and noninvasive in vivo detection of amyloid plaques.
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The authors would like to acknowledge the Vice-Chancellor fellowship scheme at RMIT University and the School of Engineering for financial support and RMIT University for the RMIT Research Stipend Scholarship (RRSS).
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Jeyachandran, T., Loomba, S., Khalid, A., Mahmood, N. (2023). Multifunctional Nanoprobes for the Surveillance of Amyloid Aggregation. In: Shanker, U., Hussain, C.M., Rani, M. (eds) Handbook of Green and Sustainable Nanotechnology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69023-6_105-1
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