Abstract
Access to nutrition and safe food is a key to sustaining life and promoting good health. Thus, the sustainable development goals (SDGs) reawaken the world alluding to the interweaving connects of health, nutrition, and food safety. This chapter introduces the current scenario of nutrition and food safety and how both traverse important issues in health including the trends of morbidity and mortality as well as the social determinants of health. Furthermore, key elements of nutrition and food safety will be introduced to further explicate how factors and drivers shape and influence food supply including production and access, food safety, and consumer behavior and practices. Finally, we argue how considerable efforts have been made drawing on the current context of changing nutrition and food safety driven by multiple factors embracing externalities, and endogenous factors are being contested and negotiated to make an impact on health equity at a global scale. To further the progress of the SDGs, we conclude with propositions to support international organizations, national government, and local stakeholders to work not in sectoral fragmentation, but together. With the appropriate commitment, investment, and actions at global, regional, and country level, no one will be left behind from attaining good health by reinforcing synergies and trade-offs among SDGs related to nutrition and food safety.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Aginam O, Hansen C (2008) Food safety and trade liberalization in an age of globalization. Policy briefs no. 6. United Nations University
Ahmed A, Hoddinot J, Roy S (2020) Food transfers, cash transfer, behaviour change communications and child nutrition. IFPRI discussion paper 01868. IFPRI and CGIAR
Alimi BA (2016) Risk factors in street food practices in developing countries: a review. Food Sci Human Wellness 5(3):141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.05.001
Altekruse SF, Cohen ML, Swerdlow DL (1997) Emerging foodborne diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 3:285–293. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0303.970304
Andersson M, Karaumbunathan V, Zimmermann MB (2012) Global iodine status in 2011 and trends over the past decade. J Nutr 142(4):744–750. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.149393
Annan K (2001) In (ed) United Nations. Poverty biggest enemy of health in developing world, secretary-general tells world health assembly Geneva
Athukorala PC, Jayasuriya S (2003) Food safety issues, trade and WTO rules: a developing country perspective. World Econ 26:1395–1416. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-9701.2003.00576.x
Aulakh J, Regmi A, Fulton J, Alexander C (2013) Estimating post-harvest food losses: Developing a consistent global estimation framework, 2013. Available via https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/150363?ln=en4.8.2014. Accessed on 5 May 2021
Baert K, Van Huffel X, Jacxsens L, Berkvens D, Diricks H, Huyghebaert A, Uyttendaele A (2012) Measuring the perceived pressure and stakeholders' response that may impact the status of the safety of the food chain in Belgium. Food Res Int 48:257–264
Bailey RL, West KP Jr, Black RE (2015) The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab 66:22–33. https://doi.org/10.1159/000371618
Barry M (1999) Urbanization, lifestyle changes and the Nutrition transition. World Dev 27:1905–1916. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00094-7
Batal M, Steinhouse L, Delisle H (2018) The nutrition transition and the double burden of malnutrition. Med Sante Trop 28:345–350. https://doi.org/10.1684/mst.2018.0831
Behrman JR (1996) The impact of health and Nutrition on education. In: The World Bank research observer, vol 11, No. 1. Oxford University Press, London, pp 23–37
Bellisle F (2003) Why should we study human food intake behaviour? Nutr Metabol Cardiovascul Dis: NMCD 13(4):189–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0939-4753(03)80010-8
Béné C, Prager SD, Achicanoy HAE, Toro PA, Lamotte L, Cedrez CB, Mapes BR (2019) Understanding food systems drivers: a critical review of the literature. Glob Food Sec 23:149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.04.009
Bermúdez R, Feng Y, Roleda MY, Tatters AO, Hutchins DA, Larsen T, Boyd PW, Hurd CL, Riebesell U, Winder M (2015) Long-term conditioning to elevated pCO2 and warming influences the fatty and amino acid composition of the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis. PLoS One 13(10):e0123945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123945
Bhutta ZA, Salam RA (2012) Global nutrition epidemiology and trends. Ann Nutr Metab 61:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1159/000345167
Birch L, Savage JS (2007) Ventura a (2007) influences on the Development of Children's eating behaviours: from infancy to adolescence. Can J Diet Pract Res 68(1):s1–s56
Black MM, Pérez-Escamilla R, Rao SF (2015) Integrating nutrition and child development interventions: scientific basis, evidence of impact, and implementation considerations. Adv Nutr 6:852–859. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010348
Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, De Onis M, Ezzati M, Grantham-McGregor S, Katz J, Martorell R, Uauy R, Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group (2013) Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 382(9890):427–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
Botreau H, Cohen MJ (2020) Gender inequality and food insecurity: a dozen years after the food price crisis, rural women still bear the brunt of poverty and hunger. Adv Food Sec Sustainabili 5:53–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.af2s.2020.09.001
Branca F, Lartey A, Oenema S, Aguayo V, Stordalen GA, Richardson R, Arvelo M, Afshin A (2019) Transforming the food system to fight non-communicable diseases. BMJ 364:l296. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l296
Carvalho FP (2006) Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety. Environ Sci Pol 9(7–8):685–692
Chen PJ, Antonelli M (2020) Conceptual models of food choice: influential factors related to foods, individual differences, and society. Foods 9:1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9121898
Cupertino MC, Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista R (2020) Emerging and re-emerging human infectious diseases: a systematic review of the role of wild animals with a focus on public health impact. Asian Pac J Trop Med 13(3):99–106
Daru J, Zamora J, Fernández-Félix BM, Vogel J, Oladapo OT, Morisaki N, Tunçalp Ö, Torloni MR, Mittal S, Jayaratne K, Lumbiganon P, Togoobaatar G, Thangaratinam S, Khan KS (2018) Risk of maternal mortality in women with severe anaemia during pregnancy and post partum: a multilevel analysis. Lancet Glob Health 6:e548–e554. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30078-0
de Benoist B, McLean E, Egli I, Cogswell M (2008) Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993–2005: WHO global database on anaemia. World Health Org, Geneva
de Onis M, Blossner M, Borghi E (2010) Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 92:1257–1264. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29786
Development Initiatives (2018) Global nutrition report: shining a light to spur action on nutrition. Development Initiatives, Bristol
Development Initiatives (2020) Global nutrition report: action on equity to end malnutrition. Development Initiatives, Bristol, p 37
Dewey KG, Mayers DR (2011) Early child growth: how do nutrition and infection interact? Matern Child Nutr 7:129–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00357.x
FAO (1997) Risk management and food safety. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 65. FAO, Rome
FAO (2017) The future of food and agriculture – trends and challenges. FAO, Rome
FAO (2018a) Evaluation of the emergency prevention system (EMPRES) programme in food chain crises. FAO, Rome
FAO (2018b) Sustainable food systems. Concept and frameworks. FAO, Rome
FAO (2018c) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018 – meeting the sustainable development goals. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO, Rome
FAO (2019a) The future of food safety. First FAO/WHO/AU international food safety conference. Addis Ababa
FAO (2019b) The state of food and agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
FAO and WHO (2006) Guidance to governments on the application of HACCP in small and/ or less-developed food businesses. FAO food and nutrition paper 86. FAO, Rome
FAO and WHO (2019) Codex 2019 the year of food safety. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO, Rome
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2018) The state of food security and Nutrition in the world 2018. Building climate resilience for food security and nutrition. FAO. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO, Rome
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2019) The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2019. Safeguarding against economic slowdowns and downturns. Rome, FAO. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000106760/download/?_ga=2.21297531.1730537316.1624948048-547150224.1624948048. Accessed 16 Jan 2021
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, World Food Programme and WHO (2017) The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2017. Rome: FAO. Available: http://www.fao.org/3/I7695e/I7695e.pdf . Accessed 18 Jan 2021
Foley JA, Ramankutty N, Brauman KA, Cassidy ES, Gerber JS, Johnston M, Mueller ND, O’Connell C, Ray DK, West PC, Balzer C, Bennet EM, Carpenter SR, Hill J, Monfreda C, Polasky S, Rockström J, Sheehan J, Siebert S, Tilman D, Zaks DPM (2011) Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478:337–342. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10452
Fung F, Wang HS, Menon S (2018) Food safety in the 21st century. Biom J 41(2):88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.003
Gahagan S (2012) The development of eating behavior - biology and context. J Dev Behav Pediatr 33:261–271. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31824a7baa
GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators (2016) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet 388(10053):1659–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31679-8
GBD 2017 Diet collaborators (2019) Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 393:1958–1972. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8
Gizaw Z (2019) Public health risks related to food safety issues in the food market: a systematic literature review. Environ Health Prev Med 24(68):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0825-5
Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition (2016) Food systems and diets: facing the challenges of the 21st century, London, UK
Grace D (2015) Food safety in low and middle income countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:10490–10507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910490
Grace D, Dominguez-Salas P, Fahrion A, Haesler B, Heilmann M, Hoddman V, Kang’ethee E, Roesel K, Lore T (2018) Food safety metrics relevant to low and middle income countries: working paper. Agriculture, Nutrition and health academy, food safety working group. Innovative methods and metrics for agriculture and Nutrition actions programme, London, UK
Guerrant RL, Lima AA, Davidson F (2000) Micronutrients and infection: interactions and implications with enteric and other infections and future priorities. J Infect Dis 182:S134–S138. https://doi.org/10.1086/315924
Gustavsson J (2011) Global food losses and food waste: extent, causes and prevention. FAO, Rome
Hackman DA, Farah MJ (2009) Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends Cogn Sci 13:65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.003
Havelaar AH, Kirk MD, Torgerson PR, Gibb HJ, Hald T, Lake RJ et al (2015) World Health Organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of foodborne disease in 2010. PLoS Med 12:e1001923. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923
Hawkes C, Harris J, Gillespie S (2017) Urbanization and the nutrition transition. Global Food Policy Rep 4:34–41. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896292529_04. Accessed 13 June 2020
Hendrie G, Sohonpal G, Lange K, Golley R (2013) Change in the family food environment is associated with positive dietary change in children. Inter J Beha Nutr Phy Activity 10:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-4
Hixson SM, Arts MT (2016) Climate warming is predicted to reduce omega-3, long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid production in phytoplankton. Glob Chang Biol 22:2744–2755. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13295
HLPE (2020) Food security and nutrition: building a global narrative towards 2030. HLPE, Rome
Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General, Global Sustainable Development Report: The Future is Now – Science for Achieving Sustainable Development (2019) United Nations, New York. Available https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/24797GSDR_report_2019.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2021
Jaffee S, Henson S, Unnevehr L, Grace D, Cassou E (2019) The safe food imperative: accelerating Progress in low- and middle-income countries. Agriculture and food series. The World Bank. Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30568. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO
Jermann C, Koutchma T, Margas E, Leadley C, Ros-Polski (2015) Mapping trends in novel and emerging food processing technologies around the world, Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol, 31,14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2015.06.007
Jin C, Bouzembrak Y, Zhou J, Liang Q, van den Bulk LM, Gavai A, Liu N, van den Heuvel LJ, Hoenderdaal W, Marvin HJP (2020) Big data in food safety- a review. Curr Opin Food Sci 36:24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2020.11.006
Kalkuhl M, von Braun J, Torrel M (2016) Volatile and extreme food prices, food security, and policy: an overview. Food Price volatility and its implications for food security and policy. Matthias Kalkuhl, Joachim Von Braun and Maximo Torero, p 3–31. Cham: Springer, DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28201-5
Kapil U, Bhavna A (2002) Adverse effects of poor micronutrient status during childhood and adolescence. Nutr Rev 60:S84–S90. https://doi.org/10.1301/00296640260130803
Kelly B, King MPL, Chapman MK, Boyland E, Bauman AE, Baur LA (2015) A hierarchy of unhealthy food promotion effects: identifying methodological approaches and knowledge gaps. Am J Public Health 105:e86–e95. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302476
Kendall HG, Kaptan G, Stewart M, Grainger S, Kuznesof P, Naughton B, Clark C, Hubbard MR, Marvin HJ, Frewer LJ (2018) Drivers of existing and emerging food safety risks: expert opinion regarding multiple impacts. Food Control 90:440–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.018
Kinsey JD (2005) Will food safety jeopardize food security? Agr Econ 32(s1):149–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0169-5150.2004.00020.x
Koopman JJ, van Bodegom D, Ziem JB, Westendorp RG (2016) An emerging epidemic of noncommunicable diseases in developing populations due to a triple evolutionary mismatch. Am J Tropic Med Hyg 94:1189–1192. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0715
Laborde D, Martin W, Swinnen J, Vos R (2020) COVID-19 risks to global food security. Science 369:500–502. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4765
Leng G, Adan RAH, Belot M, Brunstrom JM, de Graaf K, Dickson SL, Hare T, Maier S, Menzies J, Preissl H, Reisch LA, Rogers PJ, Smeets PAM (2017) The determinants of food choice. Proc Nutr Soc 76:316–327. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002966511600286X
Lineback DR, Pirlet A, Jan-Willem Van Der Kamp JW, Wood R (2009) Globalization, food safety issues & role of international standards. Qualit Assur Safety Crops Foods 1:23–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-837X.2009.00005
Local Burden of Disease Child Growth Failure Collaborators (2020) Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries. Nature 577:231–234. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1878-8
Margulis ME (2014) Trading out of the global food crisis? The world trade organization and the geopolitics of food security. Geopolitics 19(2):322–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2014.920233
Masclaux H, Bec A, Kainz MJ, Perri’ere F, Desvilettes C, Bourdier G (2012) Accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by cladocerans: effects of taxonomy, temperature and food. Freshw Biol 57:696–703. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02735.x
Mason-D'Croz D, Bogard JR, Sulser TB, Cenacchi N, Dunston S, Herrero M, Wiebe K (2019) Gaps between. Lancet Planet Health 3(7):e318–e329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30095-6
McKeown RE (2009) The epidemiologic transition: changing patterns of mortality and population dynamics. Am J Lifestyle Med 3:19S–26S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827609335350
McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B (2009) Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO vitamin and mineral Nutrition information system, 1993-2005. Public Health Nutr 12:444–454. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008002401
Mertens E, Peñalvo JL (2021) The burden of malnutrition and fatal COVID-19: a global burden of disease analysis. Front Nutr 7:619850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.619850
Nelson GC, Valin H, Sands RD, HavlÃk P, Ahammad H, Deryng D et al (2014) Climate change effects on agriculture: economic responses to biophysical shocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 111(9):3274–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222465110
Nikolowski VN, Shchepkina AM, Yuvena TV, Shulman GE (2011) Interannual variability of lipid content in sprat and anchovy as indicator of food supply in Black Sea small pelagic fishes. In: Shulman GE, Ozturk B, Kideys AE, Finenko CA, Bat L (eds) Industrial bioresources of black and Azov Seas. ECOSI-Gidrofizika. (In Russian), Sevastopol, pp 293–303
Ohlhorst SD, Russell R, Bier D, Klurfeld DM, Li Z, Mein JR, Milner J, Ross AC, Stover P, Konopka E (2013) Nutrition research to affect food and a healthy life span. Am J Clin Nutr 98:620–625. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.067744
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (1993) Food safety and biotechnology: Concepts and principles. Safety evaluation of foods derived by modern biotechnology. Concepts and principles. Paris: OECD, pp 13–16
Roberts CA (2001) The food safety information handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group
Rodriguez-Salinas LC, Amador C, Medina MT (2008) Malnutrition and neurologic disorders: a global overview. In: Medina MT (ed) Neurologic consequences of malnutrition. Demos, New York, pp 1–18
Rosenthal J, Largaespada N, Bailey LB, Cannon M, Alverson CJ, Ortiz D, Kauwell GP, Sniezek J, Figueroa R, Daly R, Allen P (2017) Folate deficiency is prevalent in women of childbearing age in Belize and is negatively affected by coexisting vitamin B-12 deficiency: Belize National Micronutrient Survey 2011. J Nutr 147:1183–1193. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.242628
Rukuni R, Bhattacharya S, Murphy MF, Roberts D, Stanworth SJ, Knight M (2016) Maternal and neonatal outcomes of antenatal anemia in a Scottish population: a retrospective cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 95:555–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.12862
Schirone M, Visciano P, Tofalo R, Suzzi G (2017) Editorial: biological hazards in food. Front Microbiol 7:2154. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02154
Schmidt RH, Rodrick GE (2003) Food safety handbook. John Wiley & Sons
Springmann M, Mason-D'Croz D, Robinson S, Garnett T, Godfray HC, Gollin D, Rayner M, Ballon P, Scarborough P (2016) Global and regional health effects of future food production under climate change: a modelling study. Lancet 387:1937–1946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01156-3
Spronk I, Kullen C, Burdon C, O'Connor H (2014) Relationship between nutrition knowledge and dietary intake. Br J Nutr 111(10):1713–1726. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514000087
Tefft J, Jonasova M, Adjao R, Morgan A (2017) Food systems for an urbanizing world. World Bank, Washington, DC and food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Bank and FAO. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/32502 license: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Accessed 15 Dec 2019
Tirado MC, Clarke R, Jaykus LA, McQuatters-Gollop A, Frank JM (2010) Climate change and food safety: a review. Food Res Int 43:1745–1765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.003
Todd E (2014) Foodborne diseases: overview of biological hazards and foodborne diseases. Encyclopedia Food Safety 221–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-378612-8.00071-8
Tripathy JP, Thakur JS, Jeet G, Chawla S, Jain S, Prasad R (2016) Urban rural differences in diet, physical activity and obesity in India: are we witnessing the great Indian equalisation? Results from a cross-sectional STEPS survey. BMC Public Health 16:816. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3489-8
Uçar A, Yilmaz MV, Çakıroğlu FP (2016) Food safety – problems and solutions, significance, prevention and control of food related diseases. In (ed) Hussaini Anthony Makun, IntechOpen, https://doi.org/10.5772/63176. https://www.intechopen.com/books/significance-prevention-and-control-of-food-related-diseases/food-safety-problems-and-solutions. Accessed 15 Dec 2019
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2017) The role of science, technology and innovation in ensuring food security by 2030. United Nations. Sustainable Development Goals, New York and Geneva
United Nations (2019) Global sustainable development report 2019: The future is now – Science for achieving sustainable development, Independent Group of Scientists, New York: United Nations
Usman S, Kundiri AM, Yusuf AA (2018) Role of soil science in achieving sustainable food security – present and future. Nig J Soil & Env Res 17:33–43
Wagstaff A, Eozenou P, Neelsen S, Smitz MF (2019) Introducing the World Bank's 2018 health equity and financial protection indicators database. Lancet Glob Health 7:e22–e23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30437-6
Wang X, D Li, X Shi (2012) A fuzzy model for aggregative food safety risk assessment in food supply chains. Production Planning & Control 23(5): 377–395
Wertheim-Heck S, Raneri JE, Oosterveer P (2019) Food safety and nutrition for low-income urbanites: exploring a social justice dilemma in consumption policy. Reg Environ Chang 31:397–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247819858019
Wessells KR, Brown KH (2012) Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. PLoS One 7:e50568. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050568
WHO (2016) WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. World Health Organization, Geneva
WHO (2018) Healthy diet. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/healthy-diet. Accessed 7 February 2020
WHO (2020a) Healthy diets. https://www.who.int/behealthy/healthy-diet. Accessed on 3 June 2020
WHO (2020b) Nutrition. https://www.who.int/health-topics/nutrition Accessed 1 June 2020
WHO Fact Sheet (2020) Food safety. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety. Accessed 5 May 2021
World Health Organization (2015) WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007–2015. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/199350
World Health Organization (2018a) Non-communicable diseases. Fact sheet. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases. Accessed 20 June 2021
World Health Organization (2018b) Non-communicable diseases. Key facts. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
World Health Organization (2018c) World health statistics 2018. www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2018/en. Accessed 15 June 2020
World Health Organization (2019a) World Health Statistics 2019. Monitoring health for the SDGs. Sustainable Development Goals, WHO, Geneva
World Health Organization (2019b) Children reducing mortality. Key facts. https://www.whoint/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality. Access 20 May 2020
World Health Organization (2020) Food safety fact sheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety. Accessed 15 June 2021
You D, Jin NR, Wardlaw T (2012) Levels and trends in child mortality: Report 2012. United Nations Children’s Fund. https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/levels_trends_child_mortality_2012.pdf. Accessed 15 June 2021
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Editors and the World Health Organization
About this entry
Cite this entry
Afsana, K., Jolly, S.P., Akhter, F. (2022). Nutrition, Food Safety and Global Health. In: Kickbusch, I., Ganten, D., Moeti, M. (eds) Handbook of Global Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_93-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_93-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05325-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05325-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
Nutrition, Food Safety and Global Health- Published:
- 01 December 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_93-2
-
Original
Nutrition, Food Safety and Global Health- Published:
- 10 September 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_93-1