Skip to main content

Customary Law

  • Living reference work entry
  • Latest version View entry history
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Law and Economics
  • 10 Accesses

Synonyms

Informal law, Polycentric law, Private law, Stateless law

Definition

  • Customary law: A system of rules of obligation and governance processes that spontaneously evolve from the bottom-up within a community.

“Customary law” sometimes refers to various immanent principles, so well established and widely recognized that sovereigns feel obliged to adopt them as law (e.g., as in common law recognition of “immemorial custom”), but it also can be applied to the legal arrangements within primitive communities. Another definition delineates the source of immanent customary principles, however, and encompasses primitive law: Customary law is a system of rules of obligation and governance processes that spontaneously evolve from the bottom-up within a community (Pospisil 1971). This definition is the focus of the following presentation. Those who contend that “law” consists of general commands of a sovereign will not consider this concept to be appropriately labeled as law, nor will...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Barton RF (1967) Procedure among the Ifugoa. In: Bohannan P (ed) Law and warfare. Natural History Press, Garden City, pp 161–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson BL (1988) Legal evolution in primitive societies. J Inst Theor Econ 144:772–788

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson BL (1989) The spontaneous evolution of commercial law. South Econ J 55:644–661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson BL (1991) An evolutionary contractarian view of primitive law: the institutions and incentives arising under customary American Indian law. Rev Austrian Econ 5:65–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson BL (1994) Are public goods really common pools: considerations of the evolution of policing and highways in England. Econ Inquiry 32:249–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson BL (1995) An exploration of the impact of modern arbitration statutes on the development of arbitration in the United States. J Law Econ Organ 11:479–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson BL (2006) Property rights and the buffalo economy of the Great Plain. In: Anderson T, Benson BL, Flannagan T (eds) Self determination: the other path for Native Americans. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, pp 29–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson BL (2011) The enterprise of law: justice without the state, 2nd edn. Independent Institute, Oakland

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson BL (2014) Customary commercial law, credibility, contracting, and credit in the High Middle Ages. In: Boettke P, Zywicki T (eds) Austrian law and economics. Edward Elgar, London. (forthcoming)

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson BL, Siddiqui ZR (2014) Pashtunwali - law of the lawless and defense of the stateless. Int Rev Law Econ 37:108–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein L (1992) Opting out of the legal system: extralegal contractual relations in the diamond industry. J Leg Stud 21:115–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Soto H (1989) The other path: the invisible evolution in the third world. Perennial Library, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellickson RC (1991) Order without law: how neighbors settle disputes. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman D (1979) Private creation and enforcement of law: a historical case. J Leg Stud 8:399–415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller L (1981) The principles of social order. Duke University Press, Durham

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmidt W (1951) Ethics and the structure of society: an ethnological contribution to the sociology of knowledge. Am Anthropol 53:506–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayek FA (1973) Law, legislation, and liberty, volume I: rules and order. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen DB (1986) The formation and protection of property rights among the Southern Kwakiutl Indians. J Leg Stud 15:41–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kreps DM (1990) Game theory and economic modeling. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • North DC (1990) Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Parisi F (2001) The genesis of liability in ancient law. Am Law Econ Rev 3:82–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pospisil L (1971) Anthropology of law: a comparative theory. Harper and Row, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridley M (1996) The origins of virtue: human instincts and the evolution of cooperation. Viking Penguin, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanberg VJ, Buchanan JM (1990) Rational choice and moral order. In: Nichols JH Jr, Wright C (eds) From political economy to economics and back. Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, pp 175–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanberg VJ, Congleton RD (1992) Rationality, morality and exit. Am Polit Sci Rev 86:418–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bruce Benson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Benson, B. (2022). Customary Law. In: Marciano, A., Ramello, G.B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Law and Economics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_515-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_515-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7883-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7883-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Economics and FinanceReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

  1. Latest

    Customary Law
    Published:
    26 November 2021

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_515-2

  2. Original

    Customary Law
    Published:
    21 June 2014

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_515-1