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Air Pollution Monitoring and Sustainability

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Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology

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Definition of the Subject

Air pollution monitoring is the use of scientific and mathematical tools and methods to assess the concentrations or rates of emission of air pollution in various environments. Monitoring is usually performed at ground level in populated areas, where humans exposure tends to occur but can also include measurements at other altitudes, in other spheres of the atmosphere, or in unpopulated areas. Monitoring data is often an important input into air pollution research projects.

Introduction

Air pollution monitoring is concerned with collecting evidence about the emissions, concentrations, and effects of air pollutants. There are a number of effects of air pollution. Those most commonly recognized are negative impacts on human health, ecosystems, and the economy. Current air pollution monitoring assesses the properties of air pollution in the atmosphere by monitoring ambient air, monitoring emissions from pollution sources, remotely sensing air pollution indicators...

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Abbreviations

Acid deposition:

Settling on land or water of acidic air pollutants or air pollutants capable of becoming acidic once settled.

Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC):

The ability of a medium (e.g., soil) to neutralize acidic pH, generally indicated by concentration of base cations.

Adaptive capacity:

The capacity to adjust to new circumstances such that successful functioning can continue.

Aerodynamic diameter:

The diameter of a spherical particle of unit density with a terminal velocity equal to the particle being considered.

Aerosol:

Liquid- or solid-phase particles suspended in a gas.

Aerosol optical depth:

Total extinction of light due to scattering and absorption by particles suspended in air between the point considered, the light’s origin, and the point of observation.

Air pollution monitoring:

The use of scientific instruments and methods to assess the concentrations or rates of emission of air pollution in various environments.

Air pollution policy:

Legal guidelines governing allowable emissions of pollutants to air, allowable concentrations of pollutants in air, and air quality remediation efforts.

Air quality monitoring:

Observation of features of air that relate to the air’s quality over some time period. Said features include concentrations of pollutants.

Air quality:

The degree to which air is an ideal supporter of life.

Background level:

The concentration of a substance or pollutant that remains regardless of short-term, local changes in emissions patterns. Background concentrations are not static, but changes in background concentration happen over the relatively long term.

Best available technology (BAT):

A term relating to emissions standards set based on the ability of existing pollution abatement technology to mitigate the release of pollutants.

Biogenic:

Produced by biological organisms or systems.

Biosphere:

All life and ecosystems on Earth.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs):

A class of chlorine or fluorine containing organic compounds.

Climate change:

A long-term change in regional and global meteorological mean state or the variability of that mean state.

Command and control:

A strategy for limiting emissions by assigning specific emissions maximums to pollution sources or otherwise imposing pollution limiting rules and enforcing those rules.

Concentration-response functions (CRFs):

The mathematical relationships between the environmental concentration of a pollutant and an effect of the pollutant. Effects, or responses, could include health effects such as premature mortality.

Consolidated sustainability metrics:

Summative statistics that are a function of a number of data on different species of pollutants and atmospheric conditions. Consolidated metrics are based on a prior judgment of the relative importance of all the data in their calculation. They are designed to give an overall picture and convey a great deal of information in a single number or index.

Critical load:

The maximum amount of pollution an ecosystem can tolerate without suffering significant harmful effects, as far as can be understood given the present understanding.

Critical natural capital:

Natural capital that cannot be lost without irreparable terminal damage to ecosystems.

Ecosystem:

A system supporting life, including living and nonliving components and the interactions between its components.

Enforcement:

Action taken or penalties imposed to correct situations in which emissions or concentrations of pollutants are above the legal limit.

Exposure:

A time-integrated concentration metric reflecting the potential for intake of pollutants.

Greenhouse gas:

Gas which, when in the atmosphere, induces a climate forcing via its ability to absorb light and convert it to thermal energy.

Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs):

Individual or families of compounds that can potentially induce adverse health impacts, including but not limited to cancer, reproductive effects, or adverse environmental effects.

Holism:

The view that systems cannot be understood in exclusion of other systems but must be understood in relation to the larger whole that affects all parts within itself.

Mortality:

A statistical measure quantifying the number or fraction of deaths among populations.

Multipollutant monitoring:

Monitoring with attention to the effects of pollution arising from the interaction of different species of pollutants.

Natural capital:

The natural systems that produce goods such as clean air and provide services such as life support to the biosphere.

Ozone layer:

A lower stratospheric region of more concentrated ozone, which absorbs much of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

Particulate matter:

Solid or liquid particles suspended in air. PM is not a term that distinguishes particles by chemical species, and individual PM particles can contain a variety of species. Particulate Matter is often written as PM10 or PM2.5 with the number in subscript denoting the maximum aerodynamic diameter in micrometers of the particles being described. The subscripts (e.g., “2.5”) indicate that the PM considered is less than the subscript’s value in micrometers (μm). Particles smaller than about 10 μm are generally considered inhalable with smaller particles reaching deeper into the lung.

Pedestrian-oriented development:

Construction or reconstruction of the urban form designed to facilitate walking as a primary means of personal transportation.

Point sources:

Localized emitters of large amounts of pollution.

Population exposure:

A statistic accounting for a population’s distribution throughout the area it inhabits, the pollution concentration distribution over that area, and the changes in those distributions over time to represent the macro-level (population-level) exposure of the population to a pollutant or set of pollutants.

Primary pollutants:

Pollutants released from a source directly into the environment in the given form.

Primary standards:

US EPA Air pollution standards set to protect public health.

Radiative balance:

The net radiation to or from an object or system accounting for total incoming and outgoing radiation. A positive radiative balance will lead to the warming of the system considered, while a negative radiative balance will lead to cooling, assuming no non-radiative energy flows are at work.

Resilience:

The ability of a system to renew and reorganize itself after a shock or major socio-ecological shift.

Risk-based policy:

Policy based on the quantification and understanding of the probabilities of damages incurred. In risk-based policy, allowable pollutant concentrations are set with the knowledge and acceptance of the damage likely to be realized.

Secondary pollutants:

Pollutants not released directly from sources but formed in the environment via chemical reactions among primary pollutants facilitated by atmospheric conditions such as moisture, temperature, and sunlight.

Secondary standards:

US EPA Air pollution standards set to mitigate regional environmental problems.

Socio-ecological justice:

Fairness concerning both the social realm (e.g., fairness among social classes) and the ecological realm (e.g., distribution schemes, including ecosystems as stakeholders), and the interaction between the two realms.

Source apportionment:

Attributing the pollutants in a region or at a receptor site to their sources, for example, quantification of the portion of ambient NOx originating from the transportation sector versus the industrial sector.

Target load:

The pollution burden aimed for in policy. The load deemed achievable once “other factors (such as ethics, scientific uncertainties, and social and economic effects) are balanced with environmental considerations.” [96]

Transit-oriented development:

Construction or reconstruction of the urban form designed to facilitate use of public transportation vehicles as a primary means of medium to long-distance personal transportation.

Troposphere:

The layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth’s surface, where human exposure to air pollutants occurs.

Urban form:

The physical shape and design of cities, their structures, and their infrastructure.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada

    Dr. Andrew Knox, Dr. Greg J. Evans, Dr. Colin J. Lee & Dr. Jeffrey R. Brook

  2. Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, M3H 5T4, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Dr. Jeffrey R. Brook

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  1. Dr. Andrew Knox
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  2. Dr. Greg J. Evans
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  3. Dr. Colin J. Lee
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  4. Dr. Jeffrey R. Brook
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Correspondence to Jeffrey R. Brook .

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  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, Larkspur, CA, USA

    Robert A. Meyers

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Knox, A., Evans, G.J., Lee, C.J., Brook, J.R. (2012). Air Pollution Monitoring and Sustainability . In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_373

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