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The Neuroendocrinology, Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology of Thirst and Salt Appetite

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Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

1 Introduction

1.1 Homeostatic Reflexes and Behaviors Maintain Body Fluid Balance

The maintenance of the internal milieu requires coordinated efforts of autonomic and endocrine reflexes and behaviors. Terrestrial animals constantly lose water and sodium to the environment. Thus, the volumes and constituents of the various body fluids are always in flux. Renal losses of sodium and water are minimized by autonomic and endocrine responses [e.g., activation of the sympathetic nervous system; release of aldosterone and the antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin (VP)]. Behavioral responses include the seeking out and ingestion of water and salty substances. The consumption of water and sodium is required to replenish the body with these substances. The motivational states that drive animals to find and consume water and salty substances are thirst and salt appetite and are defined operationally by measuring their consumption under specified experimental conditions.

Homeostatic reflexes and...

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Notes

  1. 1.

    A large molecular weight substance that remains in a depot in the intersitial subcompartment but that does not enter the systemic circulation or the cellular compartment.

  2. 2.

    There is a unique species specificity of renin-AGT interaction. Human renin does not cleave mouse AGT and vice versa. To enhance the formation of ANG, it is necessary to cross a mouse carrying the human renin gene with a mouse carrying the human AGT gene (i.e., produce a double transgenic model).

Abbreviations

11β-HSD:

11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

5-HT:

serotonin

8-OH-DPAT:

8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamine) tetralin

ACE:

angiotensin converting enzyme

ACTH:

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADH:

antidiuretic hormone

AdMnSOD:

adenoviral-vector encoding human mitochondrial superoxide dismutase

AGT:

angiotensinogen

ANG:

angiotensin

ANP:

atrial natriuretic peptide

AP:

area postrema

AT1 :

angiotensin Type 1

AV3V:

anteroventral third ventricle

CAP:

captopril

CeA:

amygdala

CNS:

central nervous system

CSF:

cerebrospinal fluid

CVOs:

circumventricular organs

DOCA:

deoxycorticosterone

DOI:

2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine bromide

ECF:

extracellular fluid compartment

FURO:

furosemide

i.p.:

intraperitoneal

ICF:

intracellular fluid compartment

icv:

intracerebroventricular

iv:

intravenously

LPBN:

lateral parabrachial nucleus

MePO:

median preoptic nucleus

Methy:

methyseride

NE:

Norepinephrine

NTS:

nucleus of the solitary tract

OT:

oxytocin

OVLT:

organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis

PVN:

paraventricular nucleus

RAS:

renin-angiotensin system

s.c.:

subcutaneous

SAD:

sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation

SCVOs:

sensory circumventricular organs

SFO:

subfornical organ

SON:

supraoptic nucleus

TRPV1:

transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid subfamily Type 1

TRPV4:

transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid subfamily Type 4

trpv4-/-:

trpv4 null or knockout

VP:

Vasopressin

VR-OAC:

vanilloid receptor-related osmotically activated channel

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Acknowledgments

Support for research from the authors’ laboratory reported in this manuscript and for preparation of this review was provided by grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute HL14388 and HL57472, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases DK66086, National Institute on Aging AG25465, and National Institute of Mental Health MH59239.

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  1. A. K. Johnson
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  2. R. L. Thunhorst
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York, 10962, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003-9271, USA

    Jeffrey D. Blaustein

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Johnson, A.K., Thunhorst, R.L. (2007). The Neuroendocrinology, Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology of Thirst and Salt Appetite. In: Lajtha, A., Blaustein, J.D. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30405-2_17

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