7.9.1 Appendix 7.1 Use of Rheology for Analysis of Polymer Blends
No. | Study | Blends | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Phase inversion | Empirical description | viscosity ratio dependence | Paul & Barlow, 1980 |
| Â | Co-continuity | Theory | viscosity ratio | Metelkin & Blekht, 1984 |
|  | Percolation | HDPE/PS | viscosity ratio dependence | Lyngaae-Jørgensen & Utracki, 1991 |
| Â | Phase inversion | Theory | viscosity ratio dependence | Utracki, 1991 |
| Â | Co-continuity | Theory | fibrillar morphology | Luciani, 1993 |
2. | Interphase theories | Immiscible blends | density profile | Helfand & Tagami, 1971, 1972; Helfand & Sapse, 1975 |
| Â | Â | Â | compatibilized | Noolandi, 1984 |
|  |  |  | compatibilized - semi experimental, η vs. ϕ. | Utracki, 1991; 1992 |
| Â | Â | PS/PB | compatibilized with styrene-butadiene block copolymer. | Anastasiadis et al., 1988, 1989; Anastasiadis & Koberstein, 1988 |
| Â | Â | PMMA/PS | interface thickness, | Kressler et al., 1993 |
| Â | Â | PMMA/SAN | T-dependence | Â |
3. | Theories | Low molecular weight solutions | MW - dependence | Glasstone et al., 1941; McAllister, 1960 |
| Â | Â | homologous polymer blends | MW - dependence | Friedman & Porter, 1975 |
| Â | Â | Thermodynamics | PVT - dependence | Simha & Somcynsky, 1969; Simha & Jain, 1984 |
|  |  | Several blends | η vs. PVT and concentration | Utracki, 1983 |
|  |  | Miscible blends | free volume theory; η vs. ϕ dependence. | Steller & Żuchowska, 1990 |
| Â | Â | Theory of miscible blends | viscoelasticity | Tsenoglou, 1988 |
3. | Detection of miscibility | Miscible blends | dynamic shear; relaxation spectra; linear viscoelasticity | Utracki & Schlund, 1987 |
| Â | Â | PPE/PS | dynamic flow, MW ratio = 1 to 100 | Prest & Porter, 1972; Araujo & Stadler, 1988 |
| Â | Â | PMMA/PEG | dynamic shear behavior | Colby, 1989; Booij & Palmen, 1992 |
| Â | Â | PS/PVME | thermodynamic influence, dynamic shear flow | Schneider & Brekner, 1985; Brekner et al., 1985; Yang et al., 1986 |
| Â | Â | PS/PVME | phase separation, time temperature superposition | Ajji et al., 1989; Ajji & Choplin, 1991; Mani et al., 1992 |
4. | Miscible blends | PP/SEBS | viscosity dependence on composition | Steller & Żuchowska, 1990 |
| Â | Â | PE/PE | dynamic shear | Utracki & Schlund, 1987 |
| Â | Â | Theory | phase separation, interactions | Rangel-Nafaile et al., 1984; Larson, 1992 |
| Â | Â | Theory | stress/composition, encapsulation | Metzner et al., 1979; Doi & Onuki, 1992 |
| Â | Â | PS/PVME | molecular weight ratio dependence | Caville et al., 1987; Stadler et al., 1988; Ajji et al., 1989; Ajji & Choplin, 1991; Mani et al., 1992 |
| Â | Â | Â | stress induced changes in miscibility | Silberberg & Kuhn, 1952; Wolf, 1980, 1984 |
|  |  | SAN/PMMA | strain compatibilization with block copolymers | Lyngaae-Jørgensen, 1985 |
| Â | Â | PS/PB | low steady state stress | Hashimoto et al., 1990 |
| Â | Â | Â | theory of strain demixing | Horst & Wolf, 1991, 1992, 1994 |
| Â | Â | PS/PVME | shear induced effects on miscibility, phase separation | Mazich & Carr, 1983; Katsaros et al., 1986; Nakatami et al., 1990 |
| Â | Â | PS/PIB | shear induced mixing | Wu et al., 1992 |
5. | Theory of immiscible blend | Theories | viscosity - concentration correlation | Helfand & Fredrickson, 1989; Doi & Onuki, 1992; Utracki, 1991 |
| Â | Â | Theory | constitutive equation: 1:1 mixture, Newtonian fluids, same viscosity and density; orientation and interfacial tension effects at interface. | Doi & Ohta, 1992; Takahashi et al., 1994 |
|  |  | PS/LLDPE | constitutive equation: orientation & ν ; interface effects, morphology in shear. | Lee & Park, 1994 |
|  |  | Theory | constitutive equation generalizing blends behavior on the basis of the thermodynamic and dissipative potentials | Grmela & Aït-Kadi, 1994 |
|  |  | PS/PE, PETG/EVAc, PP/EVAc, PP/EVAc+PEMA | Comparison of Palierne, Lee & Park, and Grmela & Aït-Kadi theories with experimental data | Lacroix et al., 1997, 1998 |
6. | Microrheology deformation and breakup. | Immiscible blends | viscoelastic drops in Newtonian medium. | Gauthier et al., 1971; Prabodh & Stroete, 1991; De Bruijn, 1989 |
| Â | Â | Â | Newtonian drops in viscoelastic fluid. | Flumerfelt, 1972 |
| Â | Â | Â | both medium viscoelastic | Wu, 1987; Van Oene, 1978 |
| Â | Â | Â | viscoelastic liquids, extensional and non-uniform flow | Han & Funatsu, 1978; Chin & Han, 1979 |
| Â | Â | Â | Newtonian and viscoelastic filaments. | Bousfield et al., 1986 |
|  |  | PMMA/PS | break up and coalescence | Lyngaae-Jørgensen et al., 1993 |
| Â | Â | Â | shear induced coalescence | Roland & Bohm, 1984 |
| Â | Â | Â | molecular diffusion, shear induced | Ratke & Thieringer, 1985 |
7. | Flow imposed morphology, FIM. | PP/EPDM | flow induced collision probabilities, coalescence. | Tokita, 1977; Fortelny et al., 1988, 1990 |
| Â | TSE | PS/PE | steady state shearing | Huneault et al., 1995 |
| Â | TSE | PS/PE | blending in a twin screw extruder. | Shi & Utracki, 1992 Huneault et al., 1995 |
| Â | Â | Polyolefins | Â | Plochocki, 1978, 1983 |
| Â | Â | Â | dispersion | Utracki et al., 1986 |
8. | FIM - Fiber formation. | Â | fibrillation | Krasnikova et al., 1984 |
| Â | Â | PP/PA-6 | fibrillation with a compatibilizer | Sondergaard et al., 1992 |
| Â | Â | POM/CPA | capillary flow - fibrillation | Tsebrenko et al., 1976 |
| Â | Â | POM/PEVAc | viscosity ratio vs. fibrillation | Tsebrenko et al., 1982 |
| Â | Â | HDPE/PA-6 | shear-induced coalescence. | Utracki et al., 1986 |
9. | FIM - Interlayer slip | Â | theoretical prediction | Lin, 1979 |
| Â | Â | HDPE/PA-6 | capillary | Utracki et al., 1986 |
|  |  | PP/LCP | concentration dependence of η | Ye et al., 1991 |
| Â | Â | Immiscible blends | shear-induced interlayer slip | Utracki, 1987, 1988, 1989; Bousmina et al., 1988 |
10. | Shear flows η vs. ϕ | Immiscible blends | Theory: emulsion effects & interlayer slip | Utracki, 1989, 1991 |
|  |  | PS/PMMA | steady state shear viscosity | Lyngaae-Jørgensen, 1983 |
| Â | Â | PC/LLDPE | dynamic shear viscosity | Utracki & Sammut, 1990 |
| Â | Â | PET/PA-6,6 | zero shear viscosity | Utracki et al., 1982 |
| Â | Â | PE/PMMA | dynamic and steady state shear viscosity | Matinez & Williams, 1980 |
| Â | Â | PMMA/PS | zero shear viscosity, microrheology | Valenza et al., 1991 |
| Â | Â | PS/LDPE | zero shear viscosity | Austin et al., 1987 |
11. | Extensional flow mixing | Blends with wide range of viscosity ratios | Flow through convergence & divergence improves mixing | Nguyen & Utracki, 1995; Luciani & Utracki, 1996; Utracki & Luciani, 1996 |