Abstract
A blessing and curse of capillary electrophoresis (CE) is the small amount of material that can be injected into the column (1–4). If one has a tiny quantity of substance to analyze, volumes on the order of 2–10 nL can be injected into a capillary column with good reproducibility; thus, precious material is not wasted. Analyses of material from a single cell have been reported (5). However, such a small volume generates a host of difficulties for conventional chromatographic detection technologies. For example, the detection of small volumes using on-column UV detection is hindered by the short optical path defined by the diameter of the column. Although the mass limit in CE can be very low because of the small volume, the concentration limit for UV detection is usually on the order of 10− 6 M, which is several orders higher than detection limits for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Laser-induced fluorescence allows low concentration detection (on the order of 10−9 M), but most analytes do not fluoresce. Also, most fluorescent labels are not excited by the available laser wavelengths, and laser technology is still complicated and expensive. Thus, one would like a way to concentrate the sample on-column to improve detection without a loss in resolution and analysis time.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hjerten, S. (1967) Chromatogr. Rev. 9, 122–219.
Mikkers, F. E. P., Everaerts, F. M., and Verheggen, Th. P. E. M. (1979) J. Chromatogr. 169, 11–20
Jorgenson, J. W. and Lukacs, K. D. (1981) Anal. Chem. 53, 1298–1302.
Virtanen, R. (1974) Acta. Polytech. Scand. 123, 1–67.
Ewing, A. G., Wallingford, R. A., and Olefirowicz, T. M. (1989) Anal. Chem. 61, 292R–303R.
Everaerts, F. M., Verheggen, Th. P. E. M., and Mikkers, F. E. P. (1979) J. Chromatogr. 169, 21–38.
Foret, F., Sustacek, V., and Bocek, P. (1990) J. Microcol. Sep. 2, 229–233.
Dolnik, V., Cobb, K. A., and Novotny, M. (1990) J. Microcol. Sep. 2, 127–131.
Jandik, P. and Jones, W. R. (1991) J. Chromatogr. 546, 431–443.
Mikkers, F. E. P., Everaerts, F. M., and Verheggen, Th. P. E. M. (1979) J. Chromatogr. 169, 1–10.
Foret, F., Szoko, E., and Karger, B. L. (1992) J. Chromatogr. 608, 3–12.
Foret, F., Szoko, E., and Karger, B. L. (1993) Electrophoresis 14, 417–428.
Debets, A. J. J., Mazereeuw, M., Voogt, W. H., Van iperen, D. J., Lingman, H., Hupe, K. P., and Brinkman, U. A. T. (1992) J. Chromatogr. 608, 151.
Guzman, N. A., Trebilcock, M. A., and Advis, J. P. (1991) J. Liq. Chromatogr. 14, 997.
Chien, R.-L., and Burgi, D. S. (1991) J. Chromatogr. 559, 141–152.
Chien, R.-L., and Burgr, D. S. (1991) J. Chromatogr. 559, 153–161.
Chien, R.-L. and Helmer, J. L. (1991) Anal. Chem. 63, 1354–1361.
Burgi, D. S. and Chien, R.-L. (1991) Anal. Chem. 63, 2042–2047.
Chien, R.-L., and Burgi, D. S. (1992) Anal. Chem. 64, 489A.
Michov, B. M. (1989) Electrophoresis 10, 686–689.
Moring, S. E., Colburn, J. C., Grossman, P. D., and Lauer, H. H. (1989) LC-GC 8, 34–46.
Vinter, A., Everaerts, F. M., and Soeberg, H. (1990) J. High Resolution Chromatogr. 13, 639–642.
Burgi, D. S. and Chien, R.-L. (1991) J. Microcol. Sep. 3, 199–202.
Reinhound, N. J., Tjaden, U. R., and van der Greef, J. (1993) J. Chromatogr. 641, 155–162.
Everaerts, F. M., Beckers, J. L., and Verheggen, Th. P. E. M. (1976) Isotachophoresis—Theory, Instrumentation and Applications, J Chromatogr Library, vol 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Gebauer, P., Thormann, W., and Bocek, P. (1992) J. Chromatogr. 608, 47–57.
Chien, R.-L. and Helmer, J. C. (1991) Anal. Chem. 63, 1354–1361.
Burgi, D. S. and Chien, R.-L. (1992) Anal. Chem. 64, 1046.
Tsuda, T. (1989) J. Liq. Chrom. 12, 2501.
Burgi, D. S. and Chien, R.-L. (1992) Anal. Biochem. 202, 306.
Burgi, D. S. (1993) Anal. Chem. 65, 3726.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Burgi, D.S., Chien, RL. (1996). Application and Limits of Sample Stacking in Capillary Electrophoresis. In: Altria, K.D. (eds) Capillary Electrophoresis Guidebook. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 52. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-315-5:211
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-315-5:211
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-315-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-539-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols