Abstract
In the past decade, major developments in instrumentation and methodology have been achieved in proteomics. For proteome investigations of complex biological samples derived from cell cultures, tissues, or whole organisms, several techniques are state of the art. Especially, many improvements have been undertaken to quantify differences in protein expression between samples from, e.g., treated vs. untreated cells and healthy vs. control patients. In this review, we give a brief insight into the main techniques, including gel-based protein separation techniques, and the growing field of mass spectrometry.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Wilkins MR, Sanchez JC, Gooley AA, Appel RD, Humphery-Smith I, Hochstrasser DF, Williams KL (1996) Progress with proteome projects: why all proteins expressed by a genome should be identified and how to do it. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 13:19–50
Patterson SD, Aebersold RH (2003) Proteomics: the first decade and beyond. Nat Genet 33(Suppl):311–323
Pandey A, Mann M (2000) Proteomics to study genes and genomes. Nature 405:837–846
Gygi SP, Rochon Y, Franza BR, Aebersold R (1999) Correlation between protein and mRNA abundance in yeast. Mol Cell Biol 19:1720–1730
Anderson NL, Anderson NG (1998) Proteome and proteomics: new technologies, new concepts, and new words. Electrophoresis 19:1853–1861
Klose J, Kobalz U (1995) Two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins: an updated protocol and implications for a functional analysis of the genome. Electrophoresis 16:1034–1059
Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685
Klose J (1975) Protein mapping by combined isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis of mouse tissues. A novel approach to testing for induced point mutations in mammals. Humangenetik 26:231–243
O’Farrell PH (1975) High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. J Biol Chem 250:4007–4021
Bjellqvist B, Ek K, Righetti PG, Gianazza E, Görg A, Westermeier R, Postel W (1982) Isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients: principle, methodology and some applications. J Biochem Biophys Methods 6:317–339
Görg A, Postel W, Gunther S (1988) The current state of two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients. Electrophoresis 9:531–546
Luhn S, Berth M, Hecker M, Bernhardt J (2003) Using standard positions and image fusion to create proteome maps from collections of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis images. Proteomics 3:1117–1127
MacFarlane DE (1989) Two dimensional benzyldimethyl-n-hexadecylammonium chloride – sodium dodecyl sulfate preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: a high capacity high resolution technique for the purification of proteins from complex mixtures. Anal Biochem 176:457–463
Eley MH, Burns PC, Kannapell CC, Campbell PS (1979) Cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: estimation of protein subunit molecular weights using cationic detergents. Anal Biochem 92:411–419
Helling S, Schmitt E, Joppich C, Schulenborg T, Mullner S, Felske-Muller S, Wiebringhaus T, Becker G, Linsenmann G, Sitek B, Lutter P, Meyer HE, Marcus K (2006) 2-D differential membrane proteome analysis of scarce protein samples. Proteomics 6:4506–4513
Rais I, Karas M, Schägger H (2004) Two-dimensional electrophoresis for the isolation of integral membrane proteins and mass spectrometric identification. Proteomics 4:2567–2571
Schägger H, von Jagow G (1991) Blue native electrophoresis for isolation of membrane protein complexes in enzymatically active form. Anal Biochem 199:223–231
Marcus K, Joppich C, May C, Pfeiffer K, Sitek B, Meyer H, Stuehler K (2009) High-resolution 2DE. Methods Mol Biol 519:221–240
Rabilloud T, Vaezzadeh AR, Potier N, Lelong C, Leize-Wagner E, Chevallet M (2009) Power and limitations of electrophoretic separations in proteomics strategies. Mass Spectrom Rev 28:816–843
Unlu M, Morgan ME, Minden JS (1997) Difference gel electrophoresis: a single gel method for detecting changes in protein extracts. Electrophoresis 18:2071–2077
Alban A, David SO, Bjorkesten L, Andersson C, Sloge E, Lewis S, Currie I (2003) A novel experimental design for comparative two-dimensional gel analysis: two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis incorporating a pooled internal standard. Proteomics 3:36–44
Sitek B, Luttges J, Marcus K, Kloppel G, Schmiegel W, Meyer HE, Hahn SA, Stuhler K (2005) Application of fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis saturation labelling for the analysis of microdissected precursor lesions of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Proteomics 5:2665–2679
Nyman TA (2001) The role of mass spectrometry in proteome studies. Biomol Eng 18:221–227
Aebersold R, Mann M (2003) Mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Nature 422:198–207
Steen H, Mann M (2004) The ABC’s (and XYZ’s) of peptide sequencing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:699–711
Wuhrer M, Deelder AM, Hokke CH (2005) Protein glycosylation analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 825:124–133
Boersema PJ, Mohammed S, Heck AJ (2009) Phosphopeptide fragmentation and analysis by mass spectrometry, J. Mass Spectrom 44:861–878
Bantscheff M, Schirle M, Sweetman G, Rick J, Kuster B (2007) Quantitative mass spectrometry in proteomics: a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 389:1017–1031
Urlaub H, Gronborg M, Richter F, Veenstra TD, Müller T, Tribl F, Meyer HE, Marcus K (2008) Common methods in proteomics. In: Nothwang HG, Pfeiffer SE (eds) Proteomics of the nervous system, 1st edn. Weinheim, Wiley-VCH
Glish GL, Vachet RW (2003) The basics of mass spectrometry in the twenty-first century. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2:140–150
Mitulovic G, Mechtler K (2006) HPLC techniques for proteomics analysis - a short overview of latest developments. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 5:249–260
Washburn MP, Wolters D, Yates JR III (2001) Large-scale analysis of the yeast proteome by multidimensional protein identification technology. Nat Biotechnol 19:242–247
Nägele E, Vollmer M, Horth P, Vad C (2004) 2D-LC/MS techniques for the identification of proteins in highly complex mixtures. Expert Rev Proteomics 1:37–46
Chervet JP, Ursem M, Salzmann JP (1996) Instrumental requirements for nanoscale liqid chromatography. Anal Chem 68:1507–1512
Zaluzec EJ, Gage DA, Watson JT (1995) Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry: applications in peptide and protein characterization, Protein Expr Purif 6:109–123
Domon B, Aebersold R (2006) Mass spectrometry and protein analysis. Science 312:212–217
Karas M, Hillenkamp F (1988) Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10, 000 daltons. Anal Chem 60:2299–2301
Nordhoff E, Egelhofer V, Giavalisco P, Eickhoff H, Horn M, Przewieslik T, Theiss D, Schneider U, Lehrach H, Gobom J (2001) Large-gel two-dimensional electrophoresis-matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry: an analytical challenge for studying complex protein mixtures. Electrophoresis 22:2844–2855
Stuhler K, Meyer HE (2004) MALDI: more than peptide mass fingerprints. Curr Opin Mol Ther 6:239–248
Fenn JB, Mann M, Meng CK, Wong SF, Whitehouse CM (1989) Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules. Science 246:64–71
Loo JA, Udseth HR, Smith RD (1989) Peptide and protein analysis by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 179:404–412
Cech NB, Enke CG (2001) Practical implications of some recent studies in electrospray ionization fundamentals. Mass Spectrom Rev 20:362–387
Iribarne JV, Thomson BA (1976) On the evaporation of small ions from charged droplets. J Chem Phys 64:2287–2294
Dole M, Dole M, Mack LL, Mack LL, Hines RL, Hines RL, Mobley RC, Mobley RC, Ferguson LD, Ferguson LD, Alice MB, Alice MB (1968) Molecular Beams of Macroions. J Chem Phys 49:2240–2249
Wollnik H (1993) Time-of-flight mass analyzers. Mass Spectrom Rev 12:89–114
Balogh MP (2004) Debating resolution and mass accuracy in mass spectrometry. Spectroscopy 19:34–40
Schwartz JC, Senko MW, Syka JE (2002) A two-dimensional quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 13:659–669
March RE (2000) Quadrupole ion mass spectrometry: a view at the turn of the century. Int J Mass Spectrom 200:285–312
Douglas DJ, Frank AJ, Mao D (2005) Linear ion traps in mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev 24:1–29
Hager JW (2002) A new linear mass spectromter. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 16:512–526
Wilm M, Neubauer G, Mann M (1996) Parent ion scans of unseparated peptide mixtures. Anal Chem 68:527–533
Steen H, Kuster B, Fernandez M, Pandey A, Mann M (2001) Detection of tyrosine phosphorylated peptides by precursor ion scanning quadrupole TOF mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. Anal Chem 73:1440–1448
Hunter AP, Games DE (1994) Chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for the identification of phosphorylation sites in phosphoproteins. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 8:559–570
Schlosser A, Pipkorn R, Bossemeyer D, Lehmann WD (2001) Analysis of protein phosphorylation by a combination of elastase digestion and neutral loss tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 73:170–176
Yocum AK, Chinnaiyan AM (2009) Current affairs in quantitative targeted proteomics: multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 8:145–157
Busch FV, Paul W (1961) Isotopentrennung mit dem elektrischen. Massenfilter Zeitschrift für Physik 164:581–587
Mikesh LM, Ueberheide B, Chi A, Coon JJ, Syka JE, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF (2006) The utility of ETD mass spectrometry in proteomic analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1764:1811–1822
Wang Y, Franzen J (1992) The non-linear resonance QUISTOR Part1: Potential distribution in hyperboloidal QUISTORs. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Processes 112:167–178
Wang Y, Franzen J, Wanczek KP (2009) The non-linear resonance ion trap. Part 2. A general theoretical analysis. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Processes 124:125–144
Wang Y, Franzen J (1994) The non-linear ion trap. Part 3. Multipole components in three types of practical ion trap. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Processes 132:155–172
Franzen J (1993) The non-linear ion trap: Part 4. Mass selcetive instability scan with multipole superposition. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Processes 125:165–170
Franzen J (1994) The non-linear ion trap. Part 5. Nature of non-linear resonances and resonant ion ejection. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Processes 130:15–40
Marshall AG, Hendrickson CL, Jackson GS (1998) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: a primer. Mass Spectrom Rev 17:1–35
Comisarow MB, Marshall AG (1974) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 25:282–283
Goodlett DR, Bruce JE, Anderson GA, Rist B, Pasa-Tolic L, Fiehn O, Smith RD, Aebersold R (2000) Protein identification with a single accurate mass of a cysteine-containing peptide and constrained database searches. Anal Chem 72:1112–1118
Hu Q, Noll RJ, Li H, Makarov A, Hardman M, Graham CR (2005) The Orbitrap: a new mass spectrometer, J. Mass Spectrom 40:430–443
Perry RH, Cooks RG, Noll RJ (2008) Orbitrap mass spectrometry: instrumentation, ion motion and applications. Mass Spectrom Rev 27:661–699
Scigelova M, Makarov A (2006) Orbitrap mass analyzer–overview and applications in proteomics. Proteomics 6(Suppl 2):16–21
Aebersold R, Goodlett DR (2001) Mass spectrometry in proteomics. Chem Rev 101:269–295
Spengler B, Kirsch D, Kaufmann R, Jaeger E (1992) Peptide sequencing by matrix-assisted laser-desorption mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 6:105–108
de Hoffmann E (1996) Tandem mass spectrometry: a primer. J Mass Spectrom 31:129–137
Steen H, Kuster B, Mann M (2001) Quadrupole time-of-flight versus triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry for the determination of phosphopeptides by precursor ion scanning. J Mass Spectrom 36:782–790
Aldini G, Regazzoni L, Orioli M, Rimoldi I, Facino RM, Carini M (2008) A tandem MS precursor-ion scan approach to identify variable covalent modification of albumin Cys34: a new tool for studying vascular carbonylation. J Mass Spectrom 43:1470–1481
Hopfgartner G, Varesio E, Tschappat V, Grivet C, Bourgogne E, Leuthold LA (2004) Triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer for the analysis of small molecules and macromolecules. J Mass Spectrom 39:845–855
Yates JR III, Speicher S, Griffin PR, Hunkapiller T (1993) Peptide mass maps: a highly informative approach to protein identification. Anal Biochem 214:397–408
Johnson RS, Martin SA, Biemann K, Stults JT, Watson JT (1987) Novel fragmentation process of peptides by collision-induced decomposition in a tandem mass spectrometer: differentiation of leucine and isoleucine. Anal Chem 59:2621–2625
Chi A, Huttenhower C, Geer LY, Coon JJ, Syka JE, Bai DL, Shabanowitz J, Burke DJ, Troyanskaya OG, Hunt DF (2007) Analysis of phosphorylation sites on proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by electron transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:2193–2198
Perdivara I, Petrovich R, Allinquant B, Deterding LJ, Tomer KB, Przybylski M (2009) Elucidation of O-glycosylation structures of the beta-amyloid precursor protein by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using electron transfer dissociation and collision induced dissociation. J Proteome Res 8:631–642
Alley WR Jr, Mechref Y, Novotny MV (2009) Characterization of glycopeptides by combining collision-induced dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation mass spectrometry data. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 23:161–170
Wiesner J, Premsler T, Sickmann A (2008) Application of electron transfer dissociation (ETD) for the analysis of posttranslational modifications. Proteomics 8:4466–4483
Carr SA, Huddleston MJ, Annan RS (1996) Selective detection and sequencing of phosphopeptides at the femtomole level by mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 239:180–192
Huddleston MJ, Bean MF, Carr SA (1993) Collisional Fragmentation of Glycopeptides by Electrospary Ionization LC/MS and LC/MS/MS: Methods for selective detection of glycopeptides in protein digests. Anal Chem 65:877–884
Annan RS, Carr SA (1997) The essential role of mass spectrometry in characterizing protein structure: mapping posttranslational modifications. J Protein Chem 16:391–402
Williamson BL, Marchese J, Morrice NA (2006) Automated identification and quantification of protein phosphorylation sites by LC/MS on a hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Mol Cell Proteomics 5:337–346
Gadgil HS, Bondarenko PV, Treuheit MJ, Ren D (2007) Screening and sequencing of glycated proteins by neutral loss scan LC/MS/MS method. Anal Chem 79:5991–5999
Langenfeld E, Zanger UM, Jung K, Meyer HE, Marcus K (2009) Mass spectrometry-based absolute quantification of microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6 in human liver. Proteomics 9:2313–2323
Unwin RD, Griffiths JR, Leverentz MK, Grallert A, Hagan IM, Whetton AD (2005) Multiple reaction monitoring to identify sites of protein phosphorylation with high sensitivity. Mol Cell Proteomics 4:1134–1144
Perkins DN, Pappin DJ, Creasy DM, Cottrell JS (1999) Probability-based protein identification by searching sequence databases using mass spectrometry data. Electrophoresis 20:3551–3567
Eng JK, McCormack AL, Yates JR 3rd (1994) An approach to correlate tandem mass spectral data of peptides with amino acid sequences in a protein database. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 5:976–989
Biemann K (1990) Appendix 5. Nomenclature for peptide fragment ions (positive ions). Methods Enzymol 193:886–887
Zhang W, Chait BT (2000) ProFound: an expert system for protein identification using mass spectrometric peptide mapping information. Anal Chem 72:2482–2489
Gygi SP, Rist B, Gerber SA, Turecek F, Gelb MH, Aebersold R (1999) Quantitative analysis of complex protein mixtures using isotope-coded affinity tags. Nat Biotechnol 17:994–999
Schmidt A, Kellermann J, Lottspeich F (2005) A novel strategy for quantitative proteomics using isotope-coded protein labels. Proteomics 5:4–15
Ross PL, Huang YN, Marchese JN, Williamson B, Parker K, Hattan S, Khainovski N, Pillai S, Dey S, Daniels S, Purkayastha S, Juhasz P, Martin S, Bartlet-Jones M, He F, Jacobson A, Pappin DJ (2004) Multiplexed protein quantitation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using amine-reactive isobaric tagging reagents. Mol Cell Proteomics 3:1154–1169
Yao X, Freas A, Ramirez J, Demirev PA, Fenselau C (2001) Proteolytic 18O labeling for comparative proteomics: model studies with two serotypes of adenovirus. Anal Chem 73:2836–2842
Staes A, Demol H, Van DJ, Martens L, Vandekerckhove J, Gevaert K (2004) Global differential non-gel proteomics by quantitative and stable labeling of tryptic peptides with oxygen-18. J Proteome Res 3:786–791
Ong SE, Blagoev B, Kratchmarova I, Kristensen DB, Steen H, Pandey A, Mann M (2002) Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, SILAC, as a simple and accurate approach to expression proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 1:376–386
Gerber SA, Rush J, Stemman O, Kirschner MW, Gygi SP (2003) Absolute quantification of proteins and phosphoproteins from cell lysates by tandem MS. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6940–6945
Kito K, Ito T (2008) Mass spectrometry-based approaches toward absolute quantitative proteomics. Curr Genomics 9:263–274
Julka S, Regnier FE (2005) Recent advancements in differential proteomics based on stable isotope coding. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 4:158–177
Mueller LN, Brusniak MY, Mani DR, Aebersold R (2008) An assessment of software solutions for the analysis of mass spectrometry based quantitative proteomics data. J Proteome Res 7:51–61
Shiio Y, Aebersold R (2006) Quantitative proteome analysis using isotope-coded affinity tags and mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 1:139–145
Thompson A, Schafer J, Kuhn K, Kienle S, Schwarz J, Schmidt G, Neumann T, Johnstone R, Mohammed AK, Hamon C (2003) Tandem mass tags: a novel quantification strategy for comparative analysis of complex protein mixtures by MS/MS. Anal Chem 75:1895–1904
Aggarwal K, Choe LH, Lee KH (2006) Shotgun proteomics using the iTRAQ isobaric tags. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 5:112–120
Bantscheff M, Boesche M, Eberhard D, Matthieson T, Sweetman G, Kuster B (2008) Robust and sensitive iTRAQ quantification on an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Mol Cell Proteomics 7:1702–1713
Ong SE, Mann M (2005) Mass spectrometry-based proteomics turns quantitative. Nat Chem Biol 1:252–262
Kruger M, Moser M, Ussar S, Thievessen I, Luber CA, Forner F, Schmidt S, Zanivan S, Fassler R, Mann M (2008) SILAC mouse for quantitative proteomics uncovers kindlin-3 as an essential factor for red blood cell function. Cell 134:353–364
Krijgsveld J, Ketting RF, Mahmoudi T, Johansen J, Rtal-Sanz M, Verrijzer CP, Plasterk RH, Heck AJ (2003) Metabolic labeling of C. elegans and D. melanogaster for quantitative proteomics. Nat Biotechnol 21:927–931
Old WM, Meyer-Arendt K, Veline-Wolf L, Pierce KG, Mendoza A, Sevinsky JR, Resing KA, Ahn NG (2005) Comparison of label-free methods for quantifying human proteins by shotgun proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 4:1487–1502
Carvalho PC, Hewel J, Barbosa VC, Yates JR III (2008) Identifying differences in protein expression levels by spectral counting and feature selection. Genet Mol Res 7:342–356
Liu H, Sadygov RG, Yates JR III (2004) A model for random sampling and estimation of relative protein abundance in shotgun proteomics. Anal Chem 76:4193–4201
America AH, Cordewener JH (2008) Comparative LC-MS: a landscape of peaks and valleys. Proteomics 8:731–749
Johansson C, Samskog J, Sundstrom L, Wadensten H, Bjorkesten L, Flensburg J (2006) Differential expression analysis of Escherichia coli proteins using a novel software for relative quantitation of LC-MS/MS data. Proteomics 6:4475–4485
Lill J (2003) Proteomic tools for quantitation by mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev 22:182–194
Langenfeld E, Meyer HE, Marcus K (2008) Quantitative analysis of highly homologous proteins: the challenge of assaying the “CYP-ome” by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 392:1123–1134
Rivers J, Simpson DM, Robertson DH, Gaskell SJ, Beynon RJ (2007) Absolute multiplexed quantitative analysis of protein expression during muscle development using QconCAT. Mol Cell Proteomics 6:1416–1427
Brun V, Dupuis A, Adrait A, Marcellin M, Thomas D, Court M, Vandenesch F, Garin J (2007) Isotope-labeled protein standards: toward absolute quantitative proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 6:2139–2149
Basch JJ, Farrell HM Jr (1979) Charge separation of proteins complexed with sodium dodecyl sulfate by acid gel electrophoresis in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Biochim Biophys Acta 577:125–131
Akins RE, Tuan RS (1994) Separation of proteins using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide discontinuous gel electrophoresis. Mol Biotechnol 1:211–228
Acknowledgments
FB, PC, CS, BS, and KM are funded by the BMBF (grant 01 GS 08143). CM is supported by the Alma-Vogelsang Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
May, C., Brosseron, F., Chartowski, P., Schumbrutzki, C., Schoenebeck, B., Marcus, K. (2011). Instruments and Methods in Proteomics. In: Hamacher, M., Eisenacher, M., Stephan, C. (eds) Data Mining in Proteomics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 696. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-987-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-987-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-986-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-987-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols